The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 tenets of cell theory?

A
  1. the cell is the basic functional unit of life
  2. all cells come from preexisting cells
  3. all living things are composed of cells
  4. cells carry genetic information in DNA and that information is passed down to daughter cells
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2
Q

The cell’s organelles are suspended in the:

A

cytosol

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3
Q

The cytosol allows for:

A

diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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4
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by:

A

the nuclear membrane or envelope

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5
Q

The nuclear membrane is a:

A

double membrane that maintains the nuclear environment separate from the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Nuclear pores allow:

A

selective 2-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

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7
Q

A gene is:

A

a region of DNA that codes for a protein

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8
Q

Histones are:

A

organizing proteins around which linear DNA is wound

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9
Q

Chromosomes are:

A

linear strands in which the DNA is further wound

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10
Q

The nucleolus is where:

A

rRNA is synthesized and takes up 25% of volume in the nucleus and can be seen as a dark spot

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11
Q

Mitochondria:

A
  1. makes ATP; “powerhouse”; organelle of metabolic functions
  2. Are different from other organelles in that they are semiautonomous, contain some of their own genes, and replicate independently of the nucleus using binary fission
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12
Q

Mitochondria has:

A

an outer and inner membrane

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13
Q

The outer mitochondrial membrane:

A

serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inside of the mitochondria

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14
Q

The inner membrane:

A

has many folds called cristae, contains enzymes and molecules necessary for the electron transport chain

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15
Q

The intermembrane space:

A

the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria

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16
Q

The mitochondrial matrix is:

A

the space inside the inner membrane; where the protons (H+ ions) get pumped out of and into the intermembrane space

17
Q

apoptosis is:

A
  1. programmed cell death

2. and can be achieved by the mitochondria and lysosome by a release of enzymes

18
Q

lysosomes are:

A

organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down substrates to include substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

19
Q

autolysis:

A

the release of enzymes within the lysosome that breaks down substrates into the cell, resulting in apoptosis

20
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum is:

A

a series of interconnected membranes that are actually contiguous with the nuclear envelope

comes in 2 varieties: smooth and rough ER

21
Q

Rough ER:

A

studded with ribosomes which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen

22
Q

Smooth ER:

A
  1. lacks ribosomes and is used primarily for lipid synthesis and detoxification of some drugs and poisons
  2. transports protein from rough ER to golgi apparatus
23
Q

The Golgi Apparatus:

A
  1. consists of stacked membrane-bound sacs in which cellular products can be modified, packaged, and directed to specific cellular locations
  2. UPS of the cell
24
Q

Peroxisomes:

A
  1. contain hydrogen peroxide
  2. break down long chain fatty acids via B-oxidation
  3. participate in phospholipid synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway
25
Q

Cytoskeleton:

A
  1. provides stability for the cell AND transport pathways for molecules within the cell
  2. made of microfilaments and microtubules
26
Q

Microfilaments:

A
  1. composed of actin
  2. provide structural protection from the cell
    3.