The Cell

Question 0

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 0

• passive transport; simple diffusion for molecules need some help
• molecules impermeable to membrane (large, polar, and or charged) energy barrier too high to cross
• allows integral membrane proteins to serve as channels for these substrates to avoid hydrophobic region of phospholipid bilayer
• polar molecules like glucose or ions like na or cl

Question 1

simple diffusion

Answer 1

• does not require energy, substrates move down their concentration gradient
• Osmosis = specific kind that concerns water - water moves from region of lower solute concentration(high water concentration) to higher solute concentration (low water concentration) ; imp when solute itself cannot move
• hypotonic = concentration of solutes in cell higher than surroundings; cell swells because water moves in
• hypertonic = opposite; cell shrinks because water moves out
• isotonic = solns inside and out equimolar
• isotonicity does not prevent movement of molecules but prevents NET movement of molecules
• small nonpolar (o2, co2)

Question 2

Active Transport

Answer 2

• net mvmt of solute against its concentrations, roll a ball uphill
• always requires energy
• maintains gradients/potentials
• low to high concentration
• polar molecules or ions (na, cl, k, etc)

Question 3

endocytosis

Answer 3

• cellular membrane invaginates and engulfs material into the cell - turns into a vesicle (like a toxin so wont reach other parts of cell)
• pinocytosis = endocytosis of fluids and dissolved particles
• phagocytosis = ingestion of large solids like bacteria

Question 4

exocytosis

Answer 4

-substrates are released from cell into outside world

Question 5

epithelial tissue (tissue is like states that cell organize themselves)

Answer 5

• cover body and line cavities; means for protection against invasion and desiccation
• absorption, secretion

Question 6

connective tissue

Answer 6

• supports body and provides framework for interactions

- bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood

Question 7

nervous tissue

Answer 7

neurons are primary

use electrical gradients to allow for cell signaling and coordinated control of tissues, organs, organ systems

Question 8

muscle tissue

Answer 8

three types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

each serve specific function

Question 9

viruses

Answer 9

• acellular structures composed of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein cat
• small as 20 nm or as large as 300 nm
• nuclear information may be circular or linear, single or double stranded, dna or rna
• cannot reproduce independently, known as obligate intracellular parasites –> must replicate gene material within a cell because cant do it themselves
• -after hijack cell, replicate and make new copies of itself called virions, which get released to attack other cells
• bacteriophages = viruses that specifically target bacteria