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Biology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Why are mitochondria known as the powerhouse of the cell?

A

Mitochondria are the primary sites for cellular respiration, producing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Mitochondria also play a key role in the ageing process and the onset of degenerative disease.

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2
Q

What is the function of mitochondria in cells?

A

Releasing energy from food through cellular respiration

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3
Q

How do muscle cells relate to mitochondria?

A

Muscle cells can contain thousands of mitochondria due to their high energy needs

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4
Q

What adaptations make red blood cells suitable for oxygen transport?

A

Small and flexible, bi-concave shape, thin membrane, and contain hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that binds to oxygen.

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5
Q

What are stomata and their function?

A

Stomata are small pores surrounded by guard cells that regulate gas exchange

They allow for the uptake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen during photosynthesis.

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6
Q

What modifications do epidermal cells undergo for gas exchange?

A

Epidermal cells are modified into stomata

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7
Q

What modifications do epidermal cells undergo for absorption of water and minerals?

A

Epidermal cells form root hairs, which increase the surface area for absorption

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Hemoglobin is the _______ inside red blood cells that carries oxygen.

A

protein

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9
Q

True or False: Mitochondria are involved only in energy production.

A

False

Mitochondria also play roles in the ageing process and degenerative diseases.

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10
Q

What structure controls cell activities?

A

Nucleus

The nucleus is identified as structure number 4.

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11
Q

Name a biochemical process taking place in the cytoplasm.

A

Glycolysis

Glycolysis occurs in part 2, which is the cytoplasm.

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12
Q

What happens if the cell wall is removed?

A

The cell will lose structural support and shape, becoming fragile and prone to bursting under osmotic pressure.

This refers to the effect of removing part 1.

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13
Q

What happens if the vacuole is overfilled with water?

A

The cell may experience increased internal pressure, potentially leading to cytolysis or cell bursting.

This refers to the effect of overfilling part 3.

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14
Q

What is the structure labeled E?

A

Nucleolus

This is part of the nucleus.

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15
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope (labeled F)?

A

It serves as a barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, regulating the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus.

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16
Q

Which cytoplasmic organelles are formed by the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are essential components formed by the nucleolus.

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17
Q

What happens to the nucleolus during cell division?

A

It disassembles and becomes less distinct as the nuclear envelope breaks down.

18
Q

Give one example of how cell shape relates to cell function.

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Their biconcave shape increases surface area, facilitating efficient gas exchange.

19
Q

Name another example of how cell shape relates to function.

A

Neurons

Their elongated shape enables the transmission of electrical impulses over long distances.

20
Q

Provide a third example of how cell shape relates to function.

A

Epithelial Cells in the Intestine

Their columnar shape enhances absorption of nutrients due to increased surface area.

21
Q

In the fluid mosaic model, which component represents fluid?

A

Lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer allows for lateral movement of phospholipids and proteins.

22
Q

In the fluid mosaic model, which component represents mosaic?

A

Proteins

These proteins create a diverse arrangement embedded within or attached to the lipid bilayer.

23
Q

Select structures present in all cells of all kingdoms.

A

Cell membrane, Nucleus, Chromosomes, Cytoplasm, Ribosome

These structures are universally found across all cell types.

24
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell, maintaining cell homeostasis.

25
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Houses organelles, enzymes, and cellular structures, serving as the site for many biochemical reactions.

26
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in cells?

A

Facilitates protein synthesis by translating mRNA into amino acid sequences.

27
Q

What do chromosomes (DNA) store?

A

Stores genetic information and directs cellular activities and protein synthesis.

28
Q

Which cells in animals do not have a nucleus?

A

Mature red blood cells (erythrocytes).

29
Q

Which cells in plants do not have a nucleus?

A

Sieve tube elements in the phloem tissue and some cells in the companion cells.

30
Q

How do mature red blood cells function without a nucleus?

A

They have a specific lifespan and perform specialized functions that do not require ongoing protein synthesis or DNA replication.

31
Q

What is the primary function of sieve tube elements in plants?

A

Transport organic nutrients through the phloem.

32
Q

What happens to chloroplasts during the ripening process of oranges?

A

Chloroplasts are transformed into chromoplasts.

33
Q

What do chromoplasts synthesize and store?

A

Pigments, such as carotenoids.

34
Q

Fill in the blank: During ripening, the number of _______ increases in oranges.

A

chromoplasts

35
Q

True or False: Red blood cells need to divide or synthesize new proteins once they are mature.

A

False

36
Q

What color change occurs in unripe oranges as they ripen?

A

From green to orange.

37
Q

What gives ripe oranges their characteristic orange color?

A

Carotenoids synthesized and stored in chromoplasts.

38
Q

What is the primary function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

A

Translating mRNA into amino acid sequences.

39
Q

List two cellular components that do not have a nucleus.

A
  • Mature red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • Sieve tube elements in phloem
40
Q

Fill in the blank: The green color of unripe fruit is due to the presence of _______.

A

chloroplasts

41
Q

What type of cells rely on the nucleus of companion cells for protein synthesis?

A

Sieve tube elements in plants.

Biology (2 decks)

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