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Introduction to the Cell > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

DESCRIBE BASIC CELL COMPONENTS

A
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2
Q

What are Genes

A

Units of inheritance located on the chromosome and composed of DNA
DNA is the blueprint for all proteins in the human body.

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3
Q

What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?

A

Mitosis (Somatic Cells – all cells except sex cells) Meiosis (Germ Cells – sex cells, sperm and egg)

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4
Q

What are Somatic Cells?

A

Somatic Cells – all cells except sex cells

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5
Q

DNA Overview
What is the central Dogma?

A

DNA is TRANSCRIBED into RNA and RNA is TRANSLATED into proteins. Takes place in all genomes across all organisms.

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6
Q

What are the components of DNA?

A

Pentose Sugar, deoxyribose, and phosphate group plus four nitrogenous bases – PYRIMIDINES (CUT) and PURINES (AG) Base pairing via Hydrogen bonds (weak – allows dissociation between bases to separate when we need to). The Sugar Phosphate bond –VERY STRONG - Phosphodiester bond (important for maintaining DNA structure)

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7
Q

What cells are high in Rough ER?

A

Cells that synthesis lots of proteins. Pancreas - digestive enzymes, plasma cells - antibodies, neurons - neurotransmitters, goblet cells - mucin coats lining.

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8
Q

Which layer of the mitochondria is permeable?

A

Outer

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9
Q

What ion is highly concentrated in the intermembrane space of mitochondria?

A

H+

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10
Q

What are the membranes folds of the mitochondria called and what do they do.

A

Christae - Increase surface area for reactions.

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11
Q

What is in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.

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12
Q

What process produces ATP in the mitochondria.

A

Cellular respiration

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13
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death, eliminates unwanted cells, and damaged cells, prevents cancer, Pyknosis - shrink, chromatin condensation and fragmentation, engulfment by phagocytes

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14
Q

What is the common intermediate in the metabolism of Cho, lipids and AA

A

Acetyl CoA

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15
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintenance of stable internal environment

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16
Q

Properties of phospholipids

A

Lipids - hydrophobic/non polar
Phosphates - hydrophilic/polar

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17
Q

When is the demand for nucleotide synthesis high in the cell cycle?

A

S Phase

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18
Q

What is the first reaction product in the TCA cycle?

A

Citrate

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19
Q

What must happen for FA synthesis to occur?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase must be inactive.

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20
Q

What is the name of local cell signaling between a cell and its neighbor?

A

Paracrine

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21
Q

Which nucleotide bases have the strongest bonds?

A

C and G

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22
Q

What overcomes the issue of DNA polymerase only being able to add in a 5’ to 3’ direction.

A

Okazaki fragments

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23
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for synthesis of mRNA during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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24
Q

What codon when encountered by ribosome begins protein synthesis?

A

AUG - start codon.

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25
Q

How many chromosomes OOCYTES and SOMATIC cells?

A

Somatic 46 organised into 23 pairs gametes have 23 unpaired chromosomes.

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26
Q

What is the nucleus important for?

A

Cell replication

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27
Q

What happens to cells in an isotonic solution?

A

Remain the same

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28
Q

What happens in NA/Glucose transport?

A

Na moves into cell along concentration gradient and glucose moves out against - secondary active transport - antiporter.

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29
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Decrease the activation energy of reaction, to speed up reaction.

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30
Q

What is DNA

A

DNA decodes genetic material found in chromosomes and determines the function of the cell.

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31
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

The process of Transcription takes place in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in nucleus in eukaryotes. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA (mRNA) molecule. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA.

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32
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Translation takes place on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up the synthesized protein

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33
Q

What cells dont have nuclei?

A

RBC

34
Q

What cells have lots of nuclei?

A

Muscle cells

35
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Control movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm.

36
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A cluster of proteins produces ribosomes for the cell. Transcribe ribosomal RNA.

37
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA made?

A

The nucleolus

38
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Generate ATP -aerobic respiration

39
Q

What are the folds of the mitochondria called?

A

Christae - increase surface area for chemical reactions.

40
Q

What reactions occur in the mitochondria?

A

TCA, electron transport, oxidative phosphyorylaton

41
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process where energy is harnessed through a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner-membrane of mitochondria (called the electron transport chain and ATP synthase) to create ATP.

42
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis. Together, the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make up oxidative phosphorylation

43
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis.

44
Q

How are electrons delivered to the electron transport chain?

A
45
Q

How is the electrochemical gradient established in the electron transport chain?

A

Electron transfer and proton pumping. As electrons are passed down the chain, they move from a higher to a lower energy level, releasing energy. Some of the energy is used to pump H
[^+] ions, moving them out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space. This pumping establishes an electrochemical gradient.

46
Q

What is the final electron exceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

Splitting of oxygen to form water. At the end of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen, which splits in half and takes up H
[^+] to form water.

47
Q

How does ATP Synthase work?

A

Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP. As H
[^+] ions flow down their gradient and back into the matrix, they pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which harnesses the flow of protons to synthesize ATP.

48
Q

How many ATP do we get per glucose in cellular respiration?

A

Most current sources estimate that the maximum ATP yield for a molecule of glucose is around 30-32 AT

49
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

50
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Cytosol

51
Q

What cells don’t have a nucleus?

A

RBC

52
Q

What cells have lots of nuclei?

A

Muscle cells

53
Q

Where is rRNA made?

A

Ribosomal RNA is made in the nucleus.

54
Q

What are ribosomes made of and what do they do?

A

Ribosomes are made of RNA and proteins and are the primary site of protein synthesis.

55
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

Created in the nucleus of the cell, it exits via pores and enters the cytoplasm. Take transcribed info from mRNA and makes proteins.

56
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

Mitochondrial ribosomes bound to ER and free-floating in the cytoplasm to synthesize proteins to be used in the cytosol.

57
Q

What are Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound vesicles filled with enzymes - Acidic PH

58
Q

Where are lysosomes formed?

A

Golgi apparatus

59
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Degradation of molecules or extracellular material can recycle cellular components, engulf, digest, and return components to the cytosol. Important for growth, remodeling, tissue remodeling, and cellular defense.

60
Q

What is the difference between peroxisomes and lysosomes?

A

Peroxisomes are smaller and contain oxidative enzymes Beta oxidation. Detoxify reactive oxygen species H2O2 (CATALASE) Break down AA, FA as part of metabolism, breaks down alcohol.

61
Q

What is the toxic byproduct of oxidation?

A

H2O2 accumulation leads to cell death. Need peroxisomes to clean up.

62
Q

What toxic substance can peroxisomes break down?

A

ETOH in the liver

63
Q

What is the ER?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum network of membranes, rough and smooth ER. Primary site of protein synthesis translation of DNA occurs here. Ribosomes.

64
Q

What are some of the additional functions of the ER?

A

Produces glycoproteins and glycoplipids incorporated into the cell membrane.

65
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

No ribosomes, no protein syntheses. Synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, estrogen, testosterone, etc.

66
Q

What does smooth ER do in liver cells?

A

Glycogenolysis - breakdown of glucose
Detox lipid soluble drugs.

67
Q

What are Cisternae?

A

Small and flattened membraneous sacs of golgi that receive components made by the rough and smooth ER

68
Q

What does the Golgi do?

A

Manufactures lipids and proteins, packages products from smooth ER to be used by the cell of released via Exocytosis to extracellular fluid - Package and modify.

69
Q

Where are lysosomes made?

A

lysosomes are formed from the Golgi sacs. When they fuse with a substance to be digested they become secondary lysosomes. They may digest materials absorbed from outside the cell by phagocytosis and become phagosomes. They may absorb worn-out organelles within the cell and become autophagic vacuoles.

70
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi?

A

Modification of proteins, package and transport, produce lysosomes.

71
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.

72
Q

What are the characteristics of microfilaments?

A

Strong, flexible, shape, motility and muscle contraction, F Actin fibres, G actin subunits.

73
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

Anchorage for nucleus, support adhesion, cells stick together.

74
Q

What are the characteristics of microtubules?

A

Stiff, inflexible, hollow interior, assist in organelle transport in cytoplasm, play an important roll in chromosome translocation during cell division.

75
Q

What does Amphipathic mean?

A

Polar and no polar, form double layer, polar heads out and non polar tail in.

76
Q

What is the functionof the cell membrane?

A

Intercellular communication, transport, adhesion, maintain resting membrane potential in nerve cells.

77
Q

What substances freely cross the lipid bilayer>

A

Small and uncharged particles, AA, water, Ic, CO2

78
Q

6 Functions of integral proteins

A

Adhesion molecules, ion channels, enzymes, receptors, transporter, cellular communication transmit signals

79
Q

Describe Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Lipid bilayer, non rigid mosiac of components, fluidity essential to the movement of membrane proteins which contributes to membrane permeability.

80
Q

How is the fluidity of the membrane maintained?

A

Cholesterol stiffens, increases viscosity, fills gaps in kinks of FA tail.

Introduction to the Cell (1 decks)

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