The Cell Flashcards
the outermost component of the cell
Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane
substances outside the cell such as sodium ions, calcium ions, and chlorine ions.
Extracellular Substances
substances inside the cell such as enzymes, glycogen, and potassium ions
Intracellular Substances
a double layer of molecules that forms a a lipid barrier between inside and outside of the cells.
Phospholipid Bilayer
known as “water-loving.”
Hydrophilic head
known as “water-fearing.”
Hydrophobic tail
the arrangement of molecules in the cell membrane
Fluid-Mosaic Model
occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than other.
Concentration Gradient
transport through the cell membrane
Membrane Transport
the movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of energy.
Passive Transport
the movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the use of energy.
Active Transport
the tendency for solutes to move from an area of higher concentrations to an area of lower concentration of that solute in a solution.
Simple diffusion
move large water-soluble molecules or electrically charged ions across the cell membrane
Carrier-mediated transport mechanism
is a carrier mediated transport process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration of that substance.
Facilitated diffusion
the diffusion of water/solvent across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
Osmosis
a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution.
Isotonic solution
a solution that has a higher concentration as another solution.
Hypertonic solution
a solution that has a lower concentration as another solution.
Hypotonic solution
a carrier-mediated process that moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentrations to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient
Active transport
the uptake of material through the cell membrane
Endocytosis
known as “cell-eating.” a term used when solid particles are ingested.
Phagocytosis
known as “cell-drinking.” a term used when liquid droplets are ingested by living cell
Pinocytosis
the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane and results in the discharge of vesicle content
Exocytosis
large organelle usually located near the center of the cell.
Nucleus
it consists of outer and inner membranes which can be found in the nucleus.
Nuclear envelope
this is where the materials can pass into or out of the nucleus
Nuclear pores
the nucleus contains loosely coiled fibers which consists of the DNA and protein.
Chromatin
are rounded, dense, well-defined nuclear bodies with no surrounding membrane.
Nucleoli
are the organelles where proteins are produced.
Ribosomes
is a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
an ER with ribosomes attached to it; site for protein synthesis
Rough ER
an ER without ribosomes attached to it; site for lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs.
Golgi Apparatus
collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins & lipids manufactured by the ER
Golgi Apparatus
a small membrane bound sac that transports or stores materials within the cells.
Vesicles
pinch off from the Golgi Apparatus and move to the surface of the cell.
Secretory Vesicles
are membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi Apparatus; contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems.
Lysosomes
are small, membrane-bound vesicles, containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisomes
are small, bean-shaped, rod-shaped, or long, threadlike organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by a space.
Mitochondria
the numerous folds in the inner membrane of a mitochondria.
Cristae
the oxygen is required to allow the reactions that produce ATP to proceed.
Aerobic Respiration
consists of proteins that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.
Cytoskeleton
these are hollow structures formed from protein subunits.
Microtubules
these are small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm.
Microfilaments
these are fibrils formed from protein subunits; it provides mechanical support to the cell.
Intermediate Filaments
is a specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus that is the center of microtubule formation.
Centrosome
A centrosome contains ___ centrioles, and each centrioles is composed of ____ triplets each containing ____ parallel microtubules.
2 centrioles, 9 triplets, 3 parallel microtubules
project from the surface of the cells, are capable of moving, and vary in number from none to thousands per cell
Cilia
have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much longer, and usually occur only one per cell
Flagella
are specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments.
Microvilli
