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AP BIO > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

What did Englishman Robert Hooke do in 1665?

A

Observed the compartmentalization of tissue in a cork using a simple microscope

Called the compartments cells

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3
Q

What did Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek do in 1668?

A

Observed living, single-celled organisms

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4
Q

What did German physiologists M.J. Schneiden and Theodore Schwann state in 1839?

A

All living things are composed of cells

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5
Q

What did German physician Rudolf Virchow add in 1858?

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Finally contradicted the theory of Spontaneous Generation

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6
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

An organism whose genetic material isn’t contained within a nucleus
Bacteria

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7
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

An organism whose genetic material are contained inside a nucleus
All life other than viruses and bacteria

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8
Q

What are exceptions to the tiny size of cells?

A

Unfertilized egg = single enormous cell
Some algae is composed of cells large enough to be observed by the eye

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9
Q

A cell must be large enough to…

A

Contain the chemical substances and organized structures necessary for life

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10
Q

All chemicals required by the cell and those produced as waste must…

A

Pass through the cell membrane

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11
Q

As surface area increases more slowly than volume then…

A

There is a limit to how large a cell can become

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12
Q

When a cell is larger, the surface area to volume ratio…

A

Is reduced

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13
Q

What does a light microscope do?

A

Uses reflection or transmission of light, focused through glass lenses, to facilitate observation

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14
Q

What is a compound microscope?

A

Type of light microscope using two lenses
1 to form an enlarged image
2 to magnify image formed by first

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15
Q

What type of lens does a simple microscope have?

A

Hand lens, one diverging lens

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16
Q

What is the electron microscope?

A

Uses powerful magnets as lenses to focus an electron beam

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17
Q

All prokaryotes have the these three things:

A

Plasma membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Separates the cell from its environment
Regulates inward and outward traffic of materials

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19
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

One or more relatively clear appearing areas containing the DNA of the cell

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20
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Consists of enzymes, other chemical constituents, and ribosomes which coordinate the synthesis of proteins

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21
Q

What other structures are common to the prokaryotes?

A

Cell wall, capsule or sheath, chromatophore, mesosomes, and flagella

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22
Q

What type of DNA do prokaryotes have?

A

Circular and naked

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23
Q

What are the distinctions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes lack independent membrane bound organelles
No nucleus
Circular and naked DNA
Produce proteins that begin with formylmethionine rather than methionine
Lack a cytoskeletal matrix (microtubules and microfilaments)

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24
Q

What do microtubules and microfilaments form?

A

Crisscrossing network

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25
Q

What is a molecule that sits down between fatty acid tails to provide stability to the cell membrane?

A

Cholesterol

26
Q

What is a benefit to light microscopes?

A

Observed living cells

27
Q

What is the drawback to light microscopes?

A

Wavelength of light
Grinding of lenses

28
Q

What is a benefit of electron microscopes?

A

Beam of electrons focused by magnets makes density distinctions and allows us to see membranes

29
Q

What is a drawback to electron microscopes?

A

Samples have to be dead and desiccated

30
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Lends support to cell and may determine its shape by its rigidity
Consists of peptidoglycan which is cross-linked to form a single molecule around the cell, external to the cell membrane

31
Q

What is the capsule or sheath?

A

Slimy layer outside the cell
Protects bacteria from attack by white blood cells
Protects against excessive drying

32
Q

What is a chromatophore?

A

In the cyanobacteria, it is a membrane infolding that contains chlorophyll and facilitates photosynthesis

33
Q

What are mesosomes?

A

Intucking of the plasma membrane
Site of cellular respiration

34
Q

What do flagella do?

A

Spin about their axis like a propeller to move around

35
Q

What is the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Semipermeable membrane surrounding the cell
Regulates the entry and exit of molecules and ions

36
Q

The continuous portion of the membrane is the…

A

Phospholipid bilayer

37
Q

Proteins imbedded in the bilayer allow…

A

The passage of specific materials into and out of the cell

38
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Compact units formed of supercoiled DNA which winds up on histone proteins

39
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Ribosome synthesis

40
Q

Pores of the nuclear envelope prevent the movement of ___ through the envelope while allowing ___ to move freely out of the nucleus

A

DNA, RNA

41
Q

What do chromoplasts do?

A

Provide color which attract pollinators

42
Q

What do luekoplasts and amiloplasts do?

A

Store sugars

43
Q

What is resolving power?

A

Ability to distinguish between 2 objects

44
Q

What are more distinctive characteristics of prokaryotes?

A

Mesosomes rather than mitochondria
No double membrane-bound organelles
Chromatophore rather than chloroplasts
Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan rather than cellulose

45
Q

According the Rudolf Virchow’s assertions in the Cell Theory, what could not be true?

A

Spontaneous generation

46
Q

Proteins that are to be transported from the cell are…

A

Synthesized on ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum which packages the proteins produced in a membrane allowing resulting vesicles to fuse with other membranes including the cell membrane

47
Q

Nuclear proteins and RNA pass into and from the nucleus by means of…

A

Nuclear pores

48
Q

In scanning electron microscopy, the surface of specimens is…

A

Usually coated with a thin layer of metal such as gold

49
Q

List characteristics of eukaryotes

A

Typically larger than prokaryotes
Contain many membrane bound organelles
Contain linear DNA with associated proteins
Possess a membrane surrounded nucleus
Use cytoplasmic protein-fiber framework for internal support

50
Q

Which sub-cellular organelles are among those belonging to the endomembrane system?

A

Everything except mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, and centrioles

51
Q

Centrioles form the…

A

Basal body at the base of cilia and flagella

52
Q

Another function of centrioles is…

A

They migrate with the formation of a spindle network during nuclear division in animal cells

53
Q

What is most of the negative charge inside of cells attributable to?

A

Cellular proteins

54
Q

Which structures may have originated as independent prokaryotes taken into eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondria and plastids by endocytosis

55
Q

Cholesterol may play a key role in providing…

A

Stability to the plasma membrane

56
Q

Microtubules and microfilaments may serve to provide a…

A

Scaffold or matrix within the cell holding organelles in place in an otherwise fluid cytoplasm

57
Q

Associated with the cell membrane, these molecules act to transport materials through the membrane

A

Intrinsic/integral proteins

58
Q

The process by which energy is released in the mitochondrial

A

Cellular respiration

59
Q

Organelle composed of stacks of flattened cavities, functions in the modification of proteins for export

A

Golgi apparatus

60
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model explain?

A

Phospholipid bilayer has proteins floating that typically don’t move because the cholesterol in the fatty acid tails provides stability

AP BIO (2 decks)

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