The Cell Flashcards
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Observe, question, hypothesis, predict, design experiment, conduct experiment, analyze data, draw conclusions
What is the Biological Hierarchy from the smallest unit to largest
Atom, molecule, cell organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, biocenoses, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
What are emergent properties?
Properties observed that aren’t in the preceding biological hierarchy.
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Define eukaryotic.
Multicellular organisms
Define prokaryotic
Single cell organisms
What is an observation?
Something that describes a phenomenon.
What is an inference?
Use of previous experience or understanding to come to explain a phenomenon.
What is the control group?
Group in an experiment that continues under normal conditions.
What is the experimental group?
Group exposed to something being tested.
Define variables
Factor, condition, or relationship that can be changed in an experiment.
What are controlled variables?
Factors or conditions that don’t change.
What is the manipulated variable?
Variable that is different between the control group and experimental group. (Also the independent variable)
What is the independent variable?
Variable that is different between the control group and experimental group. (Also the manipulated variable)
What is the responding variable?
Result of the change in the experimental group. (Also the dependent variable)
What is the dependent variable?
Result of the change in the experimental group. (Also the responding variable)
What is the hypothesis?
Proposed explanations for phenomenon or problem being studied.
What is the null hypothsis?
First hypothesis to be tested.
What are the alternative hypotheses?
Different hypotheses for if the null hypothsis is rejected.
What is deductive reasoning?
Drawing specific predictions based on broad observations.
What is inductive reasoning?
Drawing broad conclusions on specific observations.
What is quantitative data?
Observations measured using numbers.
What is qualitative data?
Describes observations, or approximates and characterizes.
What are protons?
Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
What are electrons?
Negatively charged particles scattered around the outside of a nucleus.
What are Neutrons?
Particles in the nucleus of an atom with mass, but no charge. Holds the protons to the nucleus.
What are valence electrons?
Electrons found in the outer most layer and interacts with other atoms.
What are the three types of chemical bomds?
Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen
What are ionic bonds?
Chemical bonds resulting in one atom losing an electron and the other gaining the electron to achieve stability.
What are ions?
An atom with a charge.
What are compounds?
Result of two ions forming a bond.
What are anions?
Negatively charged ions.
What are cations?
Positively charged ions.
What are covalent bonds?
Atoms sharing electrons to form a full oter shell.
What are molecules?
Atoms joined together by covalent bonds.
What is an octet?
Full outer orbital of an electron.
What are hydrogen bonds?
Result of a hydrogen atom attracted to a negatively charged atom.
What is an acid?
Substance that increases concentration of positive hydronic ions.
What is a base?
Substance that provides hydroxide ions or other negatively charged ions to combine with hydrogen ions reducing their concentration.
What is biological chemistry?
Study of chemical reactions and pathways of living cells and organisms.
What are macromolecules?
Large molecules that can be composed of thousands of atoms.
What are the 4 main types of macromolecule relevant to biological chemistry?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
What are proteins?
Polymers composed of alpha amino acids. They control the structure and function of cells.
What are carbohydrates?
Primary source of energy for plants and animals. Most abundant naturally occurring organic compounds.
What is photosynthesis?
The way plants synthesize carbohydrates using water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccahrides, and polysaccharides.
What are monosaccharides?
Single sugars that can’t be broken down into simpler sugars.
What are bisaccarides?
Two monosaccharides linked together?
What are polysaccharides?
A chain of monosaccharides linked together forming a chain.
What are lipids?
Non-polar, water insoluble molecules found in cells and tissues of living organisms.
What are simple lipids?
Cantains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What are complex lipids?
Contain additional elements besides carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen.
What are fatty acids?
Simple lipids that are carboxylic acids with long strands of hydrocarbons.
What are waxes?
Esters of fatty acids with long chain alcohols.
What are phospholipids?
Phosphate group with two long carbon arms. Phosphate group, head, is hydrophilic and the carbon arms are hydrophobic.
What are triglycerides?
Esters of fatty acids with glycerol. Called fats if solid at room temperature and oils if liquid at room temp.
What are steroids?
Simple lipids with a base structure of four connected hydrocarbon rings. Important for cell membranes for fluidity and as signaling molecules.
What is modern cell theory?
All living organisms are made of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells arise from preexisting cells
Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell
All cells have the same basic chemical composition
Energy flow occurs within cells
What are the 4 key components of a cell?
Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes.
