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Biology 112 > The cell > Flashcards

The cell Flashcards

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1
Q

How many cells are in our body?

A

40 trillion

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2
Q

Why do cells need to be small?

A

Chemical reactions in cells require diffusion; diffusion can only happen efficiently over small distances because of a cells “random walk”

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3
Q

What is the exception to all cells being small?

A

Eggs!! eggs can be big because they store stuff

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4
Q

Why are Prokaryotes able to be so much smaller than Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes can live in any environment, oxidize anything…
However they have no specialized functions nor do they contain any specialized organelles.
Eukaryotes have compartmentalization and a membrane bound nucleus.

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5
Q

What things make plant cells unique/ different from animal cells?

A

Plants have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a vacuole.

Because they have a cell wall, they do not require a sodium potassium pump

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6
Q

What is the interior of Vesicles, Golgi and ER?

A

It is called the lumen and is equivalent to extracellular space

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7
Q

Describe the nucleus

A
  • It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope made up of two membranes
  • Nucleus contains DNA
  • DNA is replicated and transcribed in the nucleus
  • Nucleus contains the nucleolus where ribosomes are made from rRNA and proteins.
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8
Q

Where are ribosomes made?

A

In nucleolus and out of rRNA and proteins

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9
Q

How do nuclear proteins get out of nucleolus

A

Through nuclear pores

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10
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A
  • The rough ER is close to the nucleus
  • Membrane proteins are made at the rough ER
  • It is called rough ER because ribosomes are attached to the membrane.
  • Ribosomes are the site of protein translation
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11
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A
  • Site of lipid creation
  • Site of Detoxification (making a molecules more hydrophilic so it can be excreted)
  • Amount of smooth ER varies with where in body the cell is
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12
Q

Would drug use affect amount of smooth ER in a person’s cell?

A

Drug users would have more smooth ER in their liver

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13
Q

What is function of Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Vesicles coming from Er fuse on cis face of the golgi, while vesicles bud off trans side of golgi
  • Sugars and lipids are modified in the golgi
    An “organizer”, “transporter”- communicates to vesicles where to go
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14
Q

Where do cis and trans sides of ER face?

A
  • Cis side faces ER

- Trans side faces plasma membrane

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15
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Endocytosis is when macromolecules bind to receptors on outside of cell and form a lysosome inside cell

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16
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

A phagosome is like endocytosis but only particles are realeased into cytosol- no macromolecules
It “consumes” an entire lysosome

17
Q

What is autophagy?

A

When lysosome consumes damaged organelle

18
Q

Function of mitchondrion

A

“power plants of a cell”
Where most ATP is produced
- has matrix- enzymes that catalyze the citric acid cycle and contains dna, rna and ribosomes

19
Q

How many membranes does a mitochondrion have? Are they smooth?

A

A mitochondrion has an inner membrane and an outer membrane.
The inner membrane has invaginations called cristae

20
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

Only is plants!

  • They are photosynthesizers
  • They have an outer and inner membrane
  • membrane stacks called thylakoids
  • the gap in middle is called the stroma- site of carbon fixation
21
Q

What are the products of carbon fixation?

A

Carbon fixation yields sugar, amino acids, DNA, RNA and ribosomes

22
Q

What do mitochondrion and chloroplasts have in common?

A

They are both endosymbiotic organelles- descendants of bacteria

23
Q

What are 3 pieces of evidence of mitochondrion chloroplasts are endosymbiotic?

A
  • double membrane due to endosymbiosis
  • own genome (similar to bacteria)
  • own ribosomes (similar to eubacteria)
24
Q

What is a cytoskeleton? What would be the two most important?

A

Any structural element important to cell shape and movement.
Two most important structural proteins would be:
- Actin filaments
- Microtubules

25
Q

Describe actin filaments

A

-Actin filaments are responsible for cell shape and cell shape changes
actin filaments are polar, they have a plus and minus end
-Polymerize and depolymerize from monomers through non-covalent protein interactions

26
Q

Where are actin filaments found

A
  • Found below the cell membrane
27
Q

What pairing mediates muscle contractions? How does it work?

A

Muscle contractions are mediated by actin filaments and myosin.
Myosin heads walk towards the plus end of actin filaments

28
Q

What is a microtubule?

A

MTs are larger than actin
They come from the nucleus- are polar with a plus and minus end.
They organize cells (move organelles and provide tracks for intracellular transport)
Also move chromosomes during cell div

29
Q

What are the two motor proteins of Microtubules

A
  • Kinesin
  • Dynein
    They walk in opposite directions
30
Q

Describe cilia and flagella

A
  • Formed by 9 doublet microtubules and 2 central MTs
  • Flagella are found on sperm
  • Cilia are found in cells lining the lung, and oviduct and single celled eukaryotes
31
Q

What is an intermediate filament?

A

Intermediate filaments are intermediate in size between actin and microtubules- are fairly diverse.
- have no polarity, don’t polymerize or depolymerize
Serve mainly to provide additional mechanical strength to cells (hair)

32
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

Protein integrin that binds to extracellular matrix - attaching cells to their environment via focal adhesions

33
Q

What are focal adhesions?

A

the adhesion sites of cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

34
Q

What are the 4 types of cell-cell junctions?

A
  • gap (create channels)
  • tight (seals cells together)
  • desmosome
  • adherens
35
Q

Where is the glucose cotransporter and glucose carrier made?

A

Rough ER, then sorted in golgi to different vesicles

36
Q

What is main junction involved in use of pacemaker?

A

Gap junction

Biology 112 (10 decks)

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