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Bio 1 Final > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all cells have

A

Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

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2
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

Attached to the ER (which makes the RER) and floating in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the nuclear pore for

A

To get proteins in the nucleus and to get RNA out of the nucleus

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4
Q

What is Progeria caused by

A

Defects in the nuclear lamina - their cells have defectively shaped nuclei and their cells can’t divide as much (their body can’t replace damaged cells and they age fast)

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5
Q

What is part of the endomembrane system

A

SER and RER, Golgi, lysosome, transport vesicles

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6
Q

Functions of the SER

A

Regulates calcium levels (cells release Ca2+ from SER and this is important for fertilization
Detoxifies drugs and poisons (SER in liver cells expands to increase tolerance)
Production of lipids

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7
Q

Describe the path a protein takes to get out of the cell

A

1) a ribosome makes a protein and it goes to RER and binds to it
2) Transitional ER packages proteins
3) transport vesicles bud off the TER, they are moved by motor proteins that walk along microtubules
4) Golgi: cis face is where the transport vesicles fuse to, trans ffface is the part where secretory vesicles bud off of. They are glycosylated
5) secretory vesicles bud off trans face and ride on microtubules to right under plasma membrane
6) exocytosis at plasma membrane (secreted protein gets outside cell)

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8
Q

What is ADH

A

Protein made in hypothalamus that tells kidneys to absorb water when people are dehydrated

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9
Q

What is the problem with people whose ADH signalling doesn’t work

A

They have diabetes insipidus - their ADH doesn’t work properly because their kidneys dont get the signal to absorb water and so they become dehydrated

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10
Q

What is the lysosome and what does it have

A

The digestive part of our cell. It is very acidic and has lots of H+ to help digest things, it has hydrolytic enzymes that digest lipids and proteins
Cells use lysosomes for endocytosis or phagocytosis to bring things into the cell

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11
Q

How do lysosomes work

A

They make endosome vesicles which go to lysosome to get digested

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12
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When a cell engulfs a large particle and it goes to the lysosome to be digested (our WBCs do this for viruses)

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13
Q

Autophagy

A 
Self eating (not killing the cell!)
cells build a membrane around parts of cell and form autophagosomes which are sent to lysosome to get degraded
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14
Q

why do cells do autophagy

A

To recycle damaged parts, to help cells deal with starvation

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15
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases

A

make a hydrolytic enzyme in lysosome and stuff won’t be digested properly and lysosome will get swollen - neurons with undigested stuff will die

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16
Q

what is the route a hydrolytic enzyme follows to get into a lysosome

A

They’re made in ribosomes on RER, get sent to Golgi then lysosome

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17
Q

Evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

they both have their own chromosomes and make their own ribosomes and divide independently, two membranes - inner one is similar to a prokaryotic cell

18
Q

what do mitochondria and chloroplasts do

A

change energy from 1 form to another

19
Q

Endosymbiosis of mito and chloroplast

A

Mito: arose in eukaryotic cells through phagocytosis of an aerobically respiring mitochondria which allowed eukaryotes to produce ATP more efficiently
Chloroplasts: arose in eukaryotic cells through engulfment of a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell which allowed the eukaryotic cell to make its own glucose using sublight

20
Q

“Anatomy” of mitochondria

A

Has outer membrane and inner membrane (inner has cristae to increase surface area)
Space between membranes is intermembrane space
Space inside inner membrane is mitochondrial matrix

21
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Using oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide to produce ATP

22
Q

What kind of bonds is reduced carbon

A

covalent C-H bonds there are lots of energy in these bonds

every time carbon is oxidized there is less energy

23
Q

Where does glycolysis occur and where does citric acid cycle occue

A

Cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix

24
Q

What does glycolysis break down and make

A

Breaks down glucose to make 2 molecules of pyruvate (highly reduced carbon goes to partially oxidized carbon)

25
Q

What does glycolysis produce

A

A small amount of ATP (energy generated by oxidizing carbon) and NADH

26
Q

What does the citric acid cycle break down and make

A

Breaks down pyruvate and oxidizes carbon to make fully oxidized carbon (carbon dioxide)

27
Q

In the citric acid cycle, where is the lost energy stored?

A

As high energy electrons in NADH

28
Q

Describe glycolysis and citric acid cycle

A

NAD+ takes 2 electrons off glucose to make NADH. the energy in the C-H bonds of glucose is stored as NADH and these electrons will be donated to the electron transport chain

29
Q

What would happen if you didn’t have oxygen

A

The chain would get backed up and cannot pump H+ protons, this will kill you because you use H+ protons to make ATP. The ATP made by glycolysis is not enough

30
Q

What is apoptosis and what regulates it

A

Programmed cell death, the mitochodnria

31
Q

why is apoptosis needed

A

For embryonic development because more cells than needed are made

32
Q

How does apoptosis work

A

When a cells receives the signal for apoptosis, pores form in outer mito membrane and Cytochrome C is released. Cyt C in the cytoplasm sends a signal that apoptosis should begin

33
Q

What signals apoptosis

A

Development, starvation, oxidative damage, DNA damage (sunburn)

34
Q

General structure of carbohydrates

A

CnH2nOn

35
Q

Where is a glycosidic linkage formed

A

Between the Carbon 1 and oxygen on carbon

36
Q

Function of extracellular matrix

A

provides support, separates tissues

37
Q

Structure of ECM

A

long protein fibres

made of proteoglycans which make the ECM be jelly-like and provides cushioning

38
Q

What is integrin and what does it do

A

protein and it binds to ECM which lets things be transferred into the cell and cell can change its behavior YOU NEED ANCHORAGE OF CELLS TO ECM FOR SURVIVAL

39
Q

what is anoikis

A

when cells detach from the ECM causing apoptosis

40
Q

What does BAX do

A

It is found in cells attached to the ECM. When a cell detaches from ECM, all BAX goes to mitochondria. BAX proteins form a pore in the outer mito mb that releases cytochrome C into the cytoplasm

Bio 1 Final (4 decks)

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