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MCAT BIO > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • semi-permeable
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • passive diffusion
    1. phospholipids
    2. cholesterol
    3. proteins
  • **image
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2
Q

Phospholipid bilayer (3 parts)

A
  1. Phosphate head (polar/hydrophilic)
  2. Glycerol backbone
  3. Fatty acid tails (nonpolar/hydrophobic)
    Amphipathic!!!!!
    *** add image
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3
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

Allows small, nonpolar molecules to pass through membrane such as gases but also water and ethanol (polar, pass slowly) and benzene (large, nonpolar, pass slowly)
Does not allow charged or large, polar molecules through (such as amino acids or glucose)

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4
Q

Cholesterol

A

Acts as a buffer

  • Increases fluidity in lower temperatures
  • Decreases fluidity in higher temperatures
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5
Q

Membrane Fluidity

temp

A

Low T = Low fluidity (think crystallized state tight together)
High T = High fluidity (loose state)

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6
Q

Membrane Fluidity

cholesterol

A

At High T, cholesterol reduces fluidity

At Low T, cholesterol increases fluidity

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7
Q

Membrane Fluidity

Saturation of FAs

A

Saturation decreases fluidity
Unsaturated FAs increase fluidity
***add image

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8
Q

Uncatalyzed Membrane Dynamics (w/ Proteins)

A

Transbilayer Diffusion: slow

Lateral Diffusion: fast

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9
Q

Catalyzed Membrane Dynamics (w/ Proteins)

A

Flippase (fast): outer to inner membrane
Floppase (fast): inner to outer membrane
Scramblase (fast): both directions
***add image

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10
Q

Channel Proteins

A
  • no energy needed
  • moves with concentration gradient
  • **add image
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11
Q

Carrier Proteins

A
  • some energy needed
  • can move against concentration gradient
  • **add image
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12
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with carbs attached, used for signaling

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13
Q

Types of Proteins in phospholipid bilayers

A

Proteins act as receptors and for transport of molecules

  • peripheral proteins sit inside or outside of bilayer
  • integral/transmembrane proteins extend across the bilayer
  • lipid-bound proteins sit in the middle of the bilayer and are rare
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14
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells (Von Leeuwenhoek and Hooke in 1600s)
  2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life (Schleiden and Schwann in early 1800s)
  3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
  4. Cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA and this DNA is passed on from to parent to daughter cell
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15
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Spontaneous generation. Disproven in 1860s by Pasteur.

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16
Q

Exceptions to cell theory

A

Viruses require intermediate to replicate DNA.

Mitochondria have own DNA.

17
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

DNA region in prokaryotes

18
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes, sits in the nucleus, no membrane

19
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Collect and break down material

- Peroxides reduced into non-toxic forms (into H2O and 1/2 O2) via catalase enzyme

20
Q

Rough ER

A

Accept mRNA to make proteins

Proteins secreted in extracellular space become integral proteins or end up in ER, golgi body, or lysosomes

21
Q

Smooth ER

A

Detox, make lipids, make steroid hormones, metabolism of carbs

22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Posttranslational protein modification and distribute proteins. Synthesized molecules for secretion. Only in eukaryotes.
Cis stack-closest to ER; Medial stack; Trans stack-farthest from ER

23
Q

Centrioles

A

9 groups of microtubules; pull chromosomes apart

24
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Demo and recycling center
  • Autophagy-digest cell parts
  • Crinophagy- digest excess secretory products
  • pH of 5
25
Q

Plasmids

A

In prokaryotes, Carry DNA not necessary for survival

26
Q

Cytoplasm pH

A

~7.4

27
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site for CAC, ETC, Oxidative Phosphorylation, pyruvate dehydrogenase, B-Oxidation, some of gluconeogenesis, and urea cycle
Site of ATP production
Have their own genome, self-replicating

28
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains all genetic material for replications

Contains nucleolus

29
Q

Eukaryotes Vs. Prokaryotes:

Size, reproduction, organelles, DNA region, and site for ETC

A

Euks larger than Proks
Euks reproduce via mitosis, Proks via binary fission
Euks contain membrane-bound organelles (compartmentalization)
Euks have nucleus, Proks have nucleoid region
Euks ETC in mitochondria, Proks ETC in cell membrane

30
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments

31
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Resist mechanical stress and provide structural support

Keratin = vimentin; Desmin = lamin

32
Q

Microtubules

A

Transport within a cell
TUBULIN: hollow protein polymers
CENTRIOLES: 9 triplets of microtubules with a hollow center
Also cilia and flagella

33
Q

Microfilaments

A

Movement of entire cell from within cytoplasm

ACTIN: solid polymerized rods resistant to compression and fracture

MCAT BIO (1 decks)

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