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Animals in Society > The Cattle Industry > Flashcards

The Cattle Industry Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Heifer?

A

A female bovine that has calved for first time

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2
Q

What is a steer/bullock?

A

Male castrated bovine

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3
Q

What is a springer?

A

Cow close to calving

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4
Q

Average size of dairy herd

A

148 cows

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5
Q

What is organic cattle production?

A
  • Free-range; at pasture where possible
  • Fewer pesticides
  • Stricter policies on antibiotic usage
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6
Q

CHeCHS

A

Cattle Health Certification Standards:
- can be accredited free of diseases (eg. BVD, lepto)

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7
Q

Bovine Tuberculosis

A

A zoonotic chronic respiratory disease carried by badgers, deer, goats etc.
- Rare human cases

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8
Q

Cattle identifictation

A
  • All cattle births deaths and movements are recorded online by cattle tracing system (CTS)
  • All cattle are registered with a passport
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9
Q

Intensive Production

A
  • Mainly housed
  • Food brought to them
  • Increased productivity
  • Reduced production cost
  • Smaller methane blueprint
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10
Q

Extensive Production system

A
  • Outdoor grazing
  • Housed part of the year seasonally
  • Less efficient
  • Larger methane blueprint
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11
Q

Measures of feeding behaviour

A
  • feeding time
  • meal duration
  • meal frequency
  • feeding rate
  • rumination time
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12
Q

Cow’s natural feeding behaviours

A
  • Foraging is social behaviour during the daytime; small meals throughout the day- 4-9 hrs
  • Feed together; higher feed intake, less variation in growth rate
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13
Q

Importance of lying down

A
  • ## 63-83% of rumination activity occurs whilst lying
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14
Q

Access to feed in intensive systems

A
  • Timing of feeds
    -Feed space & hierarchy
  • Frequent small meals- rumen health
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15
Q

What is TMR?

A

Total mixed ration
- all food in one wagon
- optimises food intakes
- minimises rumen pH changes
- more flexibility in types of feed
- can get incorrect weights and overmixing

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16
Q

Storing feed

A
  • Excess grass in spring/summer is cut and stored as hay or silage
  • Can be fed in winter months
  • Chop length; 2-3 cm
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17
Q

Types of beef system

A
  • Beef suckler herds
  • Barley beef
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18
Q

Beef suckler herd

A
  • Cows calve in spring/autumn
  • Born on farm; reared until weaned
  • Separated from cows ~9 months; cows ready to calf again
  • Slaughtered at 18 months old
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19
Q

Barley beef

A
  • Calves are bought and slaughtered at 10-12 months
20
Q

Rose veal

A
  • Reared on solid food and milk supplement
  • Slaughtered at <9 months old
21
Q

4 Sectors of beef production

A
  • Pedigree breeding herds
  • Commercial beef suckler herds
  • Young stock rearing units
  • Fattening units
22
Q

What is EBV?

A

Estimated breeding value
- indicates how much better or worse an animal is compared to an average animal in the breed
- index of 100 is average

23
Q

Available beef EBVs

A
  • gestation length
  • calving ease
  • birthweight
  • 200 day weight
  • 400 day weight
  • muscle score
  • fat depth
  • beef value
24
Q

Commercial beef suckler herd

A
  • Herd producing young stock destined for slaughter
  • Calved in spring/autumn
  • spring calving; based on grass grazing- calves weaned in autumn
  • autumn calving; need conserved forages- weaned at summer
  • compact calving season
25
Q

what is BCS?

A

Body condition score; 1-5 scale
1 is underweight
5 is overweight

26
Q

What is a fattening unit?

A
  • Take young stock from suckler herd or rearing unit and fatten them for slaughter
  • 4 main phases (backgrounding, transition, growing, finishing)
  • these phases allow gradual transition from forage based to concentrate based diets- minimise risk of acidosis
27
Q

Carcase grading

A

S superior
E excellent
U very good
R good
O fair
P poor

28
Q

Injection techniques in cattle

A
  • Visible injection sites called injection knots in meat
  • Infected injections sites can cause abscesses
29
Q

Vaccinations required for beef cattle

A
  • Clostridial diseases
  • BVD
  • Leptospirosis
  • IBR
30
Q

How does farmers pay vary, dairy farm

A
  • Volume; effected by feed and breed
  • Solids; “
  • Quality; somatic cell count (udder health) and bacteria counts (hygeine)
31
Q

Types of dairy farming systems

A
  • Extensive grass based systems
  • Intensive housed systems
  • Combination systems
32
Q

Carbon footprint of dairy farming, whats released?

A
  • methane
  • nitrogen oxide
  • nitrogen (in fertiliser)
  • phosphorus (“)
33
Q

What is a KPI?

A

Key performance indicators
- looks at procedures
- outcomes
- targets

34
Q

Normal Parturition

A
  • 1st stage; cows show discomfort (4-24 hours)
  • 2nd stage; abdominal straining, calf delivered (0.5-3 hours)
  • 3rd stage; placenta expelled (within 12 hours)
35
Q

Protocols at birth of calf

A
  • Navel iodine
  • Weight at birth
  • ID tags
36
Q

Colostrum’s importance for calfs

A
  • Vital in avoiding neonatal disease
  • Born agammaglobulinemic
  • Contains high conc. of immuno-globulins
  • Only absorbed in the intestine in first 0-24 hours
37
Q

Milk replacer feeding

A
  • Ideally feed transition milk for 3 days; increase antibody levels
  • Move onto milk replacer, min. 3L per day
38
Q

Calf digestive development

A
  • Functioning rumen at 6-8 weeks
  • Fully developed at 12 weeks
  • Milk-fed veal calves have no papillae development in rumen
  • Papillae development needs fibre and VFAs
39
Q

Calf weaning

A
  • Step-weaned off milk
  • At age 8-10 weeks
  • At least double birth weight
40
Q

Culling of dairy cows

A
  • Average rate is ~20-25%
  • Main reasons; infertility, mastitis and lameness
  • Replacements can be brought in or home bred
41
Q

Flight Zones and Balance Point

A
  • Herd animals move away when a potential threat enters the flight zone
  • Balance point; shoulder, move in front makes cattle go back behind moves them forward
42
Q

Feeding at dry cow stage

A
  • Fill rumen without excess energy
  • Hay and straw
  • Low potassium
  • Low calcium high magnesium
43
Q

Feeding at the transition stage

A

Weight of rumen increases by 50%
Supports growth of calf and compensate for reduced DMI

44
Q

Calcium homeostasis

A
  • Inability to adapt metabolism to release enough calcium for milk production
45
Q

Profitable Lifetime index

A

Additional profit of a high PLI bull from each of its milking daughters over her lifetime compared to average of 0

Animals in Society (8 decks)

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