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Principles Biochemistry > The Catabolism of Glucose - Glycolysis > Flashcards

The Catabolism of Glucose - Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is Metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that maintain the living state of cells and organisms

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3
Q

What 2 things make up metabolism

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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4
Q

What is Anabolism

A

Assembly of molecules and complex structures from the building blocks of life

  • Requires ATP
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5
Q

What is Catabolism

A

Breakdown of complex molecules to obtain the anabolic building blocks of life and substrats for energy

  • Produces ATP
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6
Q

Explain metabolic redox reactions

A
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7
Q

Glucose is our primary energy source what is it oxidised to

A

H2O and CO2

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8
Q

What cells use glucose as an energy source

A
  • Red blood cells
  • Brain cells
  • Renal medulla
  • Retina
  • All cancer cells

Enzyme: Hexokinase

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9
Q

What is the Structure of glucose

A
  • C6H12O6
  • Breaking bones of glucose release energy
  • Shape allows energy storage
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10
Q

Name some Disaccharides

A
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
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11
Q

Name some polysaccharides

A
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
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12
Q

What is Glucose used for

A
  • Oxidation through aerobic glycolysis à pyruvate.

(in presence of O2)

  • Fermentation through anaerobic glycolysis à lactate.

(in absence of o2, end chain is lactate. it has negative charge)

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13
Q

How is Glucose transported into the cell

A
  • Through Na/Glucose sympoters
  • Through Facillitated Diffusion Transporters - Glut 2 in liver - insuline dependent
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14
Q

What is the Mechanism of Glut 1

A
  • Found in brain
  • Bind of glucose to the receptor triggers a conformation change
  • Brings the glocuse form the outside into insdie
  • Glucose is relased into the cells
  • Conformation change is Regenerated and binding site again faces the outside
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15
Q

What is that is Glycolysis

A

Conversion of glucose into pyruvate

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16
Q

What is the overall reaction for glycolysis

A

glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ ->2 pyruvate + 4 ATP +2 H2O + 2 NADH + 2 H+

17
Q

What are the Steps of glycolysis

A

Glucose is split into fructuose-1,6-bisphosphate

  1. This step is carried out by breaking down 2ATP into 2ADP and 2PI
  2. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate turns into 2 Triose phosphates
  3. Which then turns into Pyruvate
  • ​^ step produces 4 ATP from 4ADP and 4PI and by reducing 2NAD+ into 2NADH and 2 H+
18
Q

Glycosis in more detail

A
  • Stage 1: glucose is trapped and destabilised
  • Stage 2: two interconvertible three-carbon molecules are formed
  • Stage 3: generation of ATP
19
Q

What are the 3 controle points in Glycolysis

A

Enzymes catalysing Irreversible reactions

  1. Hexokinase- Substrate entry
  2. Phophofrutokinase- Rate of flow
  3. Pyruvate kinase - product exit
20
Q

What is phosphofructokinase

A

Key enzyme controlling rate of substrate movement along glycolytic pathway

21
Q

What are the activators of Phophofructokinase-PFK and what is their effect

A
  • AMP
  • Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Function: Increase glycolysis if energy is needed

22
Q

What are the inhibitors of PFK and whats their function

A
  • ATP - will slpw glycolysis if energy is abundant
  • Citrate - TCA cycle intermediate - Slows downstream Pyruvate entry into TCA cycle if energy is abdundant
  • H+ Protons - in case of Anaerobic glycolysis will slow glycolysis if too much lactic acid is being produced
23
Q

What is the Energy charge

A

the ratio of ATP/AMP

  • This controles PFK activity
24
Q

When is the celly fully charged

A

If all Adenylate Nucleotides are in shape of ATP

25
Q

When is the cell Discharged

A

When cell only contains AMP and PI

26
Q

What is AMP is positive regulator but ADP is not

A

AMP. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a positive regulator of PFK. When a cell is very low on ATP, it will start squeezing more ATP out of ADP molecules by converting them to ATP and AMP (ADP + ADP →right arrow ATP + AMP). High levels of AMP mean that the cell is starved for energy, and that glycolysis must run quickly to replenish ATP22

27
Q

Summary of ATP and NADH yeild

A
28
Q

what happens to glycolysis when there is a lack of oxygen

A
  • NADH is used to ferment pyruvate into lactic acid - Lactate
  • NADH is regenerated at begining of stage 3
29
Q

What is the Warburg Effect

A

Up-regulation of anaerobic glycolysis in cancer cells

  • Cancer cells have Low km Hexokinase
30
Q

What are advantages of the Warburg effect

A
  • Rapid energy production
  • Supports other pathways for nucleotide sunthesis - need for growth
  • Supports rapid cell growth
31
Q

What are the Disadvantages of the wurburg effect

A
  • Produces H+ and lactate as end products
  • Innefficient ATP synthesis
  • High glucose consumption
  • Cancer patients loss weight
32
Q

How cancer treated by targetting glycolysis

A
  1. 2,Deoxy-glucose - competitive inhibitor blocks further metabolism of glucose-6-phosphate
  2. 3-bromopyruvate - also CI - blocks production of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  3. Dichloroacetate - promotes conversion of lactic acid into pyruvate - Slow glycolytic rate - prevent cell growth
33
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Questions

A

Principles Biochemistry (7 decks)

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