The cardiovascular system, malfunctions and their impact on individuals Flashcards
Composition of the blood- what are the different components?
- Erythocytes (red blood cells)
- Leucocytes (white blood cells)- 3 different types
1. Lymphocytes
2. Neutrophils
3. Monocytes - Platelets
- Plasma
B: Erythocytes (red blood cells) description
Made in the bone marrow and are red because of haemoglobin. They have a thin, disc-like shape.
B: Leucocytes (white blood cells) description
Part of the immune system and are immune cells that defend the body against infection.
* Lymphocytes- Two types of lympocyte, B-cells and T-cells. These are white blood cells that are part of an immune system. B-cells develop in the bone marrow and T-cells dvelop in the thymus gland. They have wide-ranging functions in the immune system.
* Neutrophils- These are small and fast; they are one of the first cell types to travel to the site of infection.
* Monocytes- These are the largest of the white blood cells.
B: Platelets description
Produced in the bone marrow and are fragments of larger cells. They are disc-shaped.
B: Plasma description
The largest component of blood, it makes up about 55 per cent of blood volume. It is a clear yellowish-coloured liquid. It carries pkatelts, red and white blood cells are proteins.
B: Erythocytes (red blood cells) function
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body. Do not have a nucleus, which increases space to carry the maximum amount of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin combines with oxygen, so erythocytes are able to transport more oxygen. They have a bi-concave shape, round and flattened, with a central indentation to maximise the surface area for exposure to oxygen.* They are small and flexible, allowing them to get into narrow blood vessels called capillaries.
B: Leucocytes (white blood cells) function
Cells thst have a role in defense and immunity. Detect abnormal material and destroy it.
B: Lymphocytes function
- B-cells produce antibodies to destroy antigens (micro-organism) such as bacteria, viruses and toxins.
- T-cells destroy the body’s own cells that have been taken over by iruses or have becom cancerous.
B: Neutrophils function
Protect the body against bacterial infection. Highly mobile and attracted to any area of infection by chemicals produced by dmaged cells.
B: Monocytes functions
Part of the immune system. Originally formed in the bone marrow, they are released into the blood and tissues. When certai germs enter the body, they quickly rush to the site for attack.
B: Platelets function
Help to form blood clots by clumping together, to slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds heal.
B: Plasma function
Liquid in which the blood cells are suspended. Provides a means of transport for glucose, lipids, amino acids, hormones, dissolved food molecules, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Carries proteins including fibrinogen, which helps with blood clotting.Helps with temperature regulation of the body- blood removes heat from tissues such as muscles and circulates it around the body.
H: The four chambers of the heart
- The two upper chambers- The right and left atrium (atria)
- The two lower chambers- The right and left ventricles. The ventricle has the thickest muscular wall as it has to pump blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
H: Each of the four heart chambers has a major blood vessel enterig or leaving it- What are the names?
- Aorta
- Pulmonary artery
- Vena cava Pulmonary vein
H: There are four valves in the heart. The valves permit blood to flow one way only- What are the names of the valves?
- Tricuspid
- Bicuspid valves (also nown as the mitral valve)
- Pulmonary
- Aortic valve
H: vessels- Aorta
This is the main artery of the body; it leaves the heart from the left ventricle.
H: vessels- Pulmonary artery
Carries the deoxygenated blodd from the heart to the lungs.
H: vessels- Vena cava
the superior (anterior) vena cava is one of the largest veins in the body.
H: vessels- Pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the lest atrium of the heart.
H: valves- Tricuspid
The first valve that blood encounters as it enters the heart, the tricuspid allows blood to flow only from the right atrium to the right venricle.
H: valves- Bicuspid valve (also known as the mitral valve)
Allows the blood to flow from the left atrium to the lest ventricle.
H: valves- Pulmonary
Is at the opening from the right ventricle and stops blood going back from the pulmonary artery into the heart.
H: valves- Aortic valve
Is found at the exit of the left ventricle where where the aorta begins.
Function of the heart- two separate circulatory systems, the pulmonary and the systemic circulation
*Pulmonary- the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
*Systemic- the left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.
How blood flows through the heart:
-Blood flows from the lungs, which is oxygenated, returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium.
-Blood passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle.
-Blood is forced out of the aorta and carries the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
-Deoxygenated blood returns from the body to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.
-The blood is then squeezed through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
-Blood is forced through the pulmonary artery, which carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
