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PE - Anatomy And Physiology > The Cardiovascular system keywords > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular system keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Take blood away from the heart at high pressure.

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2
Q

Veins

A

take blood back to the heart at low pressure.

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3
Q

Capillaries

A

delicate blood vessels that exist throughout the body. They transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in organs and body systems.

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4
Q

Vena cava inferior and superior

A

O2 poor blood transported from body/ muscles.

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5
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

O2 poor blood to the lungs.

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6
Q

Aorta

A

O2 rich blood transported to body and muscles.

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7
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

O2 rich blood to the heart.

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8
Q

Myogenic

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own impulse.

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9
Q

SAN (sinoatrial node)

A

Pacemaker of the heart- produces the electrical impulse in the heart. Myogenic impulse spreads through atria causing contraction of the muscle (atrial systole).

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10
Q

AVN (atrioventricular node)

A

Impulse reaches the AVN, delays for 0.1-0.2 seconds which allows for the ventricles to fill fully.

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11
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of cardiac tissue.

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12
Q

BoH (bundle of his) and BoB (bundle of branches)

A

Impulse reaches passes through the BoH and BoB to the perkyne fibres.

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13
Q

Perkyne fibres

A

muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

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14
Q

ventricular systole.

A

Ventricular tissue contracts from the bottom upwards

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15
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of cardiac tissue, when the heart relaxes and fills with blood

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16
Q

Sympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up HR.

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17
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Part of the autonomic system that slows down HR.

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18
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive e.g. breathing and heart rate.

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19
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Tiny structures in the carteroid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of CO2.

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20
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, cartoid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease HR.

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21
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sensory nerve endings in the muscle, tendons and joints that detect changes in muscle movements.

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22
Q

Adrenaline

A

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heartrate.

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23
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction. (ml)

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24
Q

average SV of an adult at rest

A

70ml

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25
Q

starlings rule of the heart

A

the greater venous return, the greater stroke volume is. As venous return increases the walls of the ventricles are stretched further. Results in a more powerful contraction.

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26
Q

venous return

A

blood returning to the heart from the body increases.

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27
Q

starlings law 5

A

increased venous return
greater diastolic filling of the heart
cardiac muscle stretched
more force of contraction
increased ejection fraction

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28
Q

Ejection fraction

A

the percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.

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29
Q

Ejection fraction- Equation

A

amount of blood (ml) pumped out of the left ventricle per beat/
total amount of blood in the left ventricle per beat
x100

30
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

No. of beats in a heart per minute.

31
Q

average HR

A

72bpm

32
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute. (litres per minute)

33
Q

Equation which links cardiac output, stroke volume and heartrate.

A

Q= SV x HR

34
Q

average cardiac output

A

5.04L/min

35
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger, it can also mean a larger ventricular cavity.

36
Q

Bradycardia

A

A decrease in resting heartrate to below 60bpm.

37
Q

anticipatory rise

A

Slight increase in heart rate usually before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise, caused by the release of oxygen.

38
Q

adrenaline

A

a stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes an increase in heart rate

39
Q

CHD (coronary heart disease)

A

caused by atherosclerosis blocking blood in the coronary arteries

40
Q

atherosclerosis

A

fatty deposits (atheroma’s) which gradually narrow and block coronary arteries by lining the inside walls.

41
Q

atheroma

A

fatty deposits in the blood

42
Q

angina

A

chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted.

43
Q

LDL cholesterol

A

low density lipoproteins, transport cholesterol in the blood to tissues leading to CHD.

44
Q

HDL cholesterol

A

High density lipoproteins, transport cholesterol in the blood to the liver to be broken down and removed.

45
Q

stroke

A

a stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is cut off

46
Q

Ischaemic stroke

A

blood clot stops O2 supply.

47
Q

Haemorrhagic stroke

A

blood vessel bursts

48
Q

disability

A

physical, sensory or mental impairment which adversely affects performance.

49
Q

steady state

A

where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply

50
Q

cardiovascular drift

A

the upward drift of heart rate over time, a decline in stroke volume and the continued maintenance of cardiac output

51
Q

what occurs during cardiovascular drift

A

cardiovascular drift occurs after a period of exercise
heart rate increases
stroke volume decreases
because fluid lost as sweat
resulting in reduces plasma vol
reduced venous return
cardiac output also increases due to more energy needed to cool body/sweat

52
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

53
Q

systemic circulation

A

oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and then the return of deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

54
Q

vascular system

A

heart
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
heart

55
Q

blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against vessels

56
Q

systolic pressure

A

the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

57
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

58
Q

venous return

A

return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

59
Q

skeletal muscle pump
(venous return mechanisms)

A

when muscles contract and relax they change shape. this change in shape means that the muscles press on the nearby veins and cause a pumping effect and squeeze the blood towards the heart.

60
Q

the respiratory pump (venous return mechanisms)

A

when muscles contract and relax during breathing in and breathing out, pressure changes occur in the thoracic (chest) and abdominal (stomach) cavities. these changes in pressure compress the nearby veins and assist blood return to the heart.

61
Q

pocket valves

A

it is important that blood in the veins only flows in one direction. the presence of valves ensures that this happens. this is because once the blood has passed through the valves, they close to prevent the blood flowing back.

62
Q

plasma

A

the fluid part of blood (mainly water) that surrounds blood cells and transports them

63
Q

haemoglobin

A

an iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

64
Q

myoglobin

A

muscle haemoglobin. an iron containing muscle pigment in slow twitch muscle fibres it has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. it stores the oxygen in the muscle fibres which can be used quickly when exercise begins.

65
Q

mitachondria

A

often referred to as the powerhouse of thew cell as respiration and energy production occur there.

66
Q

bohr shift

A

when an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in ph results in a reduction in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

67
Q

factors responsible for increase in dissociation of oxygen.

A

increase in blood temp- when blood and muscle temp increases during exercise, oxygen will dissociate from haemoglobin more readily
partial pressure of co2 increases- as the level of blood carbon dioxide rises during exercise, oxygen will dissociate faster from haemoglobin.
pH- more carbon dioxide will lower the pH in the blood. a drop in blood pH will cause oxygen to dissociate from haemoglobin more quickly.

68
Q

pH

A

A measure of acidity. the range goes 1 to 14 and anything less than 7 indicates acidity.

69
Q

vascular shunt mechanism

A

the redistribution of cardiac output

70
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries

71
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries

72
Q

artero-venous difference

A

the difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

PE - Anatomy And Physiology (2 decks)

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