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Chapter 18: Cardiovascular System II: The blood vessels > The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System II: The Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is an artery?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

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2
Q

What is a capillary?

A

A tiny blood vessel that allows for exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues.

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3
Q

What is a vein?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart.

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4
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

The innermost layer of a blood vessel, consisting of endothelium.

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5
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

The middle layer of a blood vessel, primarily smooth muscle.

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6
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed of connective tissue.

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7
Q

What is a venous valve?

A

A flap-like structure within veins that prevents backflow of blood.

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8
Q

What is vascular anastomosis?

A

A connection or joining together of blood vessels.

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9
Q

What is the primary function of blood vessels?

A

Transport blood to tissues, where gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged; then transport it back to the heart.

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10
Q

How do blood vessels regulate blood flow?

A

They regulate blood flow to tissues.

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11
Q

What role do blood vessels play in blood pressure?

A

They control blood pressure.

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12
Q

What do blood vessels secrete?

A

They secrete a variety of chemicals.

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13
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by blood against blood vessel walls.

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14
Q

What is blood flow?

A

The volume of blood moving through a vessel, tissue, organ, or entire circulation in a given period of time.

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15
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

The opposition to blood flow in peripheral blood vessels.

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16
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The thickness or stickiness of blood.

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17
Q

What is vessel compliance?

A

The ability of a blood vessel to expand and increase in volume with increasing pressure.

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18
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

The average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle.

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19
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The peak arterial pressure during ventricular contraction (systole).

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20
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The minimum arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation (diastole).

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21
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

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22
Q

Blood pressure definition:

A

The outward force blood exerts on blood vessel walls.

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23
Q

What determines blood flow?

A

Blood pressure gradient and resistance.

Blood flow is the volume of blood flowing per minute. Normal cardiac output is 5-6 liters/min.

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24
Q

Resistance definition:

A

Any opposition to blood flow.

Increased resistance = decreased blood flow.

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25
What determines blood flow velocity?
Total cross-sectional area of blood vessels. ## Footnote Increased area = decreased velocity.
26
What happens to blood pressure when a person does hot yoga and forgets to drink water?
Blood pressure will decrease. ## Footnote Dehydration reduces blood volume, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure.
27
What is the effect on blood pressure when a patient is given a drug that causes vasoconstriction?
Blood pressure will increase. ## Footnote Vasoconstriction narrows blood vessels, increasing peripheral resistance, which in turn increases blood pressure.
28
What is the effect on blood pressure when there are numerous large plaques in the blood vessels throughout the systemic circuit?
Blood pressure will increase. ## Footnote Plaques narrow blood vessels, increasing peripheral resistance and therefore increasing blood pressure.
29
What happens to blood pressure when a person meditates and lowers her heart rate?
Blood pressure will likely decrease, or stay relatively the same. ## Footnote A lower heart rate can decrease cardiac output, potentially lowering blood pressure. However, compensatory mechanisms may keep blood pressure stable.
30
What is the primary function of blood vessels?
Transport blood to tissues, where gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged; then transport it back to the heart. ## Footnote Blood vessels also regulate blood flow to tissues, control blood pressure, and secrete a variety of chemicals.
31
What are the two circuits that carry blood through the body?
Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit. ## Footnote The pulmonary circuit transports blood between the heart and lungs, while the systemic circuit transports blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
32
What are the three kinds of blood vessels in pulmonary and systemic circuits?
Arteries, capillaries, and veins.
33
What is the function of arteries?
Arteries serve as the distribution system of vasculature.
34
How do arteries change as they travel away from the heart?
They branch into vessels of progressively smaller diameter.
35
What do arteries supply?
They supply most tissues in the body with blood.
36
What is the function of capillaries?
Capillaries act as the exchange system of vasculature.
37
What are capillaries characterized by?
They are very small-diameter vessels that form branching networks (capillary beds).
38
What is exchanged through capillary walls?
Gases, nutrients, wastes, and other molecules are quickly exchanged between tissue cells and blood.
39
What is the function of veins?
Veins serve as the collection system of vasculature.
40
How do veins operate in relation to capillary beds?
Veins drain blood from capillary beds and return it to the heart.
41
How do veins differ from arteries in their structure?
Veins follow the opposite pattern of arteries; small veins merge with other veins to become progressively larger vessels as they progress toward the heart.
42
What are blood vessels?
All blood vessels are tubular organs that contain a central space (lumen) surrounded by several tissue layers (tunics).
43
What are the three tunics of the blood vessel wall?
The three tunics of the blood vessel wall are: 1. Tunica intima 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa
44
What is the innermost layer of a blood vessel called?
The innermost layer is called the tunica intima.
45
What is the tunica intima composed of?
It is composed of endothelium.
46
How is the tunica intima related to the heart?
It is continuous with the inner lining of the heart, known as the endocardium.
47
What role do endothelial cells play in blood vessels?
Endothelial cells provide a smooth surface for blood flow, minimizing friction and turbulence.
48
What structures are found deep to the endothelium in the tunica intima?
A thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue and a layer of elastic fibers called the internal elastic lamina.
49
What properties do elastic fibers in the tunica intima provide?
They provide distensibility (ability to stretch) and elasticity (ability to recoil back to original size).
50
What is the middle layer of the blood vessel wall called?
The middle layer of the blood vessel wall is called the tunica media.
51
What are the two layers of the tunica media?
The tunica media is composed of a layer of smooth muscle cells arranged in a circular manner around the lumen, and another layer of elastic fibers called the external elastic lamina.
52
What is the function of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media?
Smooth muscle cells of the tunica media control the diameter of the blood vessel and therefore the amount of blood that flows to organs.
53
How are smooth muscle cells in the tunica media innervated?
Smooth muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic nervous system vasomotor nerves.
54
What happens during vasoconstriction?
During vasoconstriction, the nerves stimulate smooth muscle cells of the tunica media to contract, which narrows the diameter of the vessel.
55
What occurs during vasodilation?
When sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle cells decreases, the cells relax and the vessel’s diameter increases, resulting in vasodilation.
56
What is tissue perfusion?
Blood flow through body tissues.
57
What is capillary exchange?
Movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid across capillary walls.
58
What is a continuous capillary?
Most common capillary type, with tight junctions, allowing limited exchange.
59
What is a fenestrated capillary?
Capillary with pores (fenestrations), allowing greater exchange of fluids and small solutes.
60
What is a sinusoid?
Leaky capillary with large gaps, allowing passage of large molecules and cells.
61
What is autoregulation?
Local control of blood flow in response to tissue metabolic needs.
62
What is the myogenic mechanism?
Smooth muscle response to stretch in blood vessel walls, regulating blood flow.

Chapter 18: Cardiovascular System II: The blood vessels (1 decks)

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