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ANAT0001 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 circulatory systems that form once tissue layers form?

A
  • circulatory system within the embryo
  • circulatory system between embryo/yolk sac
  • circulatory system between embryo/placenta
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2
Q

When does the first heartbeat occur?

When does blood flow begin?

A
  • 1st heartbeat: day 22-23 of development

- blood flow: around 4th week of dev.

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adult circulatory system?

A
  • pulmonary circuit (lungs)

- systemic circuit (rest of body)

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4
Q

What is the principal artery of the systemic circuit?

in adult

A

the aorta

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5
Q

What are the 2 veins that enter the right side of the heart?

A

-superior vena cava
(body above diaphragm - deoxygenated blood from head/thorax/arms)
-inferior vena cava
(body below diaphragm - deoxygenated blood from legs/abdomen/pelvis)

both veins enter the right atrium (top right chamber)

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6
Q

What are arteries? (describe characteristics)

A
  • carry blood away from heart
  • high pressure blood
  • thick walled (look pink in living person - muscular for contraction)
  • elastic walls (=stretch)
  • usually carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)
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7
Q

What are veins? (describe characteristics)

A
  • carry blood to heart (except portal vein from gut to liver)
  • low pressure blood
  • think walled (look blue/purple - thinner muscle wall)
  • less elastic
  • valves to aid venous return against gravity
  • usually carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
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8
Q

Why is venous return more difficult in the legs?

A
  • low pressure blood from very bottom of body has to be returned to heart, working against gravity
  • contraction of muscles important (squeezes veins, blood flows upwards - problem when sitting down for too long)
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9
Q

What is the exceptional artery which carries deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary artery

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10
Q

What is the exceptional vein which carries oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary vein

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11
Q

What vein does not directly supply the heart? i.e. begins and ends in capillaries

A

hepatic portal vein

directly from gut to liver (storage of nutrients)

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12
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

-valves fail
=venous return is poor, valves leak, blood pools in vessels
(most obvious in superficial veins)

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13
Q

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

A
  • DVT = blood clot
  • occurs when blood pools in veins (ex: due to inactivity)
  • if small part of clot (= an embolus) breaks off it may pass to lungs and block pulmonary artery
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14
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

-network of vessels and nodes
-return of tissue fluid to blood
(plasma squeezed out of arterial capillaries into tissues, then returned to veins)
-lymph nodes = immune response

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15
Q

How can the lymphatic system result in spread of cancer?

A

-danger: cancer can break off and be spread through lymphatic system
-radiation therapy: short-term damage of lymphatics
=pooling of fluid, no drainage = swelling

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16
Q

What blood vessels connect head and heart?

A
  • 2 carotid arteries (oxygenated blood from heart to head)

- 1 jugular vein (deoxygenated blood from head to heart)

17
Q

What are the 4 heart chambers? describe adult heart

A

Right side blood flow:

  • right atrium (deoxygenated blood from 2 vena cava)
  • tricuspid valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary artery

Left side blood flow:

  • left atrium (oxygenated blood from pulmonary arteries)
  • bicuspid/mitral valve
  • left ventricle
  • aorta
18
Q

What prevents backflow of blood into atrium?

A
  • bicuspid and tricuspid/mitral valves

- inversion of valves prevented by contraction of papillary muscles = tenses the chordae tendinae (heartstrings)

19
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

-right + left coronary arteries branch from first part of aorta and supply muscle of heart
=heart gets high quality oxygenated blood

20
Q

What is coronary thrombosis?

A

-coronary thrombosis = heart attack
-due to blockage of coronary arteries = death of heart muscle
= “myocardial infarct” (heart attack)

(-branches of right and left coronary arteries to connect but connections cannot open quickly)

21
Q

What is the conducting system?

A

-coordination = everything beating at same rate
-heart contraction coordinated by pacemaker (sinoatrial node) = wave of stimulation across heart (to AV node, then interventricular bundle)
(-heart muscle has its own intrinsic rhythm)

-heart rate can be changed by sympathetic + parasympathetic (autonomic) nerves to the pacemaker

22
Q

What is the heart’s pacemaker? (name + location)

A

sinoatrial node in top of right atrium

23
Q

Where does gas exchange occur during development?

A

placenta

24
Q

Describe heart in embryo

A

simple tube with 1 atrium and 1 ventricle

will later divide

25
Q

Describe the foetal heart at 12 weeks of dev.

A

by 12 weeks, atrium and ventricle partly subdivided, but gap remains in interatrial wall = foramen ovale

26
Q

Describe blood flow in foetal heart

A
  • Oxygenated blood:
    • from placenta; umbilical vein
    • ductus venosus; inferior vena cava
    • right atrium; foramen ovale; left atrium
    • left ventricle; aorta; carotids to head + body
  • Deoxygenated blood:
    • from head/arms/thorax
    • super vena cava
    • right atrium; right ventricle
    • pulmonary artery; ductus anteriosus; aorta
    • umbilical cord; placenta
27
Q

What helps deoxygenated blood bypass the lungs during foetal dev?

A

the ductus arteriosis from pulmonary artery to aorta (but after carotids so no deoxygenated blood goes to head)

28
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

remnant of the foramen ovalis

29
Q

Describe changes at birth

A

-lungs open; pulmonary circuit opens
-blood pressure in left atrium rises due to venous return from lungs for 1st time
-rise in left atrial pressure = closure of foramen ovale
-changes in blood flow + blood 02 levels
=closes ductus venosus + ductus arteriosis
-umbilical vessels cut and placenta ejected

30
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

shunts oxygenated blood from placenta past the liver and directly to the inferior vena cava

ANAT0001 (12 decks)

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