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A level PE paper 1 > The cardiovascular system > Flashcards

The cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

The body’s transport system

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system include?

A

The heart, blood vessels, blood

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3
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels?

A

Arteries, capillaries, veins

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4
Q

What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?

A

The arteries apart from the pulmonary artery

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5
Q

What blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood?

A

The veins apart from the pulmonary vein

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6
Q

Where does gaseous exchange take place?

A

The alveoli and capillaries

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7
Q

What is the muscular wall dividing the heart?

A

Inter-ventricular septum

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8
Q

what are the names of the two types of chambers?

A

Atrium and Ventricles

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9
Q

Name all the valves in order the blood passes through the heart?

A

Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar valve

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10
Q

Which chamber is larger? Which has got thicker walls? Explain why?

A

The ventricle is the larger chamber of the two. It also has thicker walls as well because they need to contract with greater force in order to push blood out of the heart.

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11
Q

Which side of the heart is larger? Why?

A

The left side of the heart is larger as it needs to pump blood all around the body. Whereas, the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs which are in close proximity to the heart.

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12
Q

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

A

They regulate blood flow by ensuring it moves in only one direction (prevent backflow).

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13
Q

Starting in the vena cava, talk about the order the red blood cells would pass through the heart?

A

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semi-lunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta, body

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14
Q

What is the Cardiac Conduction system?

A

Is a group of specialised cells located in the walls of the heart which send electrical impulses to the cardiac muscle, causing it to contract.

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15
Q

Explain how the Cardiac Conduction system works (step by step)?

A

1) The heart is described as being myogenic as the beat starts in the heart itself with an electrical signal in the Sinoatrial node (SAN) also known as the pacemaker. This electrical impulse then spreads through the heart (wave of excitation). This causes both atria to contract, forcing blood into ventricles (Atrial systole).
2) The impulses then passes through the atrioventricular node (AVN) found in the interventricular septum. The AVN delays impulses by 0.1 seconds to enable the atria to fully contract, empty content, before ventricular systole begins.
3) The electrical impulse then passes down through some specialised fibres which from the Bundle of His. The bundle of His then branches out into two Bundle Branches and then moves into smaller bundles called Punkinje Fibres which spread throughout the ventricle walls, when the impulses reach the fibres they cause the ventricles to contract (Ventricular systole).

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16
Q

During exercise what is the hearts role?

A

To pump oxygenated blood to the working muscles and gather up waste products (Carbon dioxide and lactic acid) as well as transporting heat to the skin to cool down.

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17
Q

Define myogenic?

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulse.

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18
Q

Define SAN?

A

A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat, also known as the pacemaker.

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19
Q

Define AVN?

A

This node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart.

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20
Q

Define Bundle of His?

A

A collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles.

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21
Q

Define Purkinje Fibres?

A

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles.

22
Q

The heart generates its own impulses from the SAN but the rate at which these cardiac impulses are fired can be controlled by three main mechanisms, what are they?

A

Neural control mechanism, hormonal control mechanism, WAITING FOR MISS TO REPLY TO EMAIL

23
Q

Define sympathetic nervous system?

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate.

24
Q

Define parasympathetic system?

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decrease heart rate.

25
Q

The nervous system is made up of two parts, what are they?

A

The central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerve cells that transmit to and from the CNS.

26
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous systems co-ordinated by and where is it located in the body?

A

It is co-ordinated by the cardiac control centre which is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain

27
Q

Where are sympathetic nervous impulses sent?

A

To the sinoatrial node causing the a decrease in parasympathetic nerve impulses so that the heart rate increases.

28
Q

What is the cardiac control centre stimulated by?

A

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors

29
Q

Explain what a Chemoreceptor does and where it’s found?

A

These are found in the carotid arteries and the aortic arch and they sense chemical change. During exercise, they detect an increase in carbon dioxide. An increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood will have the effect of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, which means the heart will beat faster.

30
Q

Explain what a Baroreceptor does and where it’s found?

A

Located in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels. They contain nerve endings that respond to the stretching of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure. They establish a ‘set point’ for blood pressure. An increase above or decrease below this set point results in the baroreceptors sending signals to the medulla in the brain. An increase in arterial pressure causes an increase in the stretch of the Baroreceptor sensors and results in a decrease in heart rate. This can be reversed. At the start of exercise the ‘set point’ increases, which is important as the body does not want heart rate to slow down as this would negatively affect performance, as less oxygen will be delivered to the working muscles.

31
Q

Explain what a proprioceptor does and where it’s found?

A

They are sensory nerve endings located in the muscles, tendons and joints that provide information about movement and body position. At the start of exercise, they detect an increase in muscle movement. These receptors then send an impulse to the medulla, which then sends an impulse through sympathetic nervous system to the SAN to increase heart rate. When the parasympathetic system stimulates the SAN, heart rate decrease.

32
Q

Summary of the chemo, baro, prop?

A

Chemoreceptor–>increase in co2–>increase HR
Baroreceptor–>increase in blood pressure–>decrease HR
Proprioceptor–>increase in muscle movement–>increase HR

33
Q

Define medulla oblongata?

A

Most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate.

34
Q

Define Adrenaline?

A

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise which causes a increase in heart rate.

35
Q

What does adrenaline stimulate and what does that result in?

A

It stimulates the SAN which results in an increase in both the speed and force of contraction, thereby increasing cardiac output.

36
Q

Cardiac output equation?

A

Cardiac output(Q) = stroke volume(SV) * heart rate(HR)

37
Q

Define stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction.

38
Q

What is the average resting stroke volume?

A

approximately 70ml

39
Q

Define Diastole phase?

A

When the heart relaxes to fill with blood.

40
Q

Define Ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of blood (oxygenated blood) pumped out by the left ventricles per beat.

41
Q

Stroke volume depends upon three things what are they?

A

Venous return, the elasticity of the cardiac tissue and the contractility of cardiac tissue (myocardium).

42
Q

Explain stroke volume in terms of venous return?

A

Venous return is the volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins. If venous return increases, then stroke volume will also increase. (If more blood enters the heart, then more blood goes out!)

43
Q

Explain stroke volume in terms of the elasticity of cardiac fibres?

A

This is concerned with the degree of stretch of cardiac tissue during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle. The more the cardiac fibres can stretch, the greater the force of contraction will be. A great force of contraction can increase the ejection fraction. This is called starling’s law.

44
Q

What is starling’s law?

A

Increased venous return —> Greater diastolic filling of the heart —> Cardiac muscle stretched —> More force of contraction —> Increased ejection fraction.

45
Q

Explain stroke volume in terms of the contractility of cardiac tissue (myocardium)?

A

The greater the contractility of cardiac tissue, the greater the force of contraction. This results in an increase in stroke volume. It is also highlighted by an increase in the ejection fraction.

46
Q

What is the average percentage of ejection fraction?

A

60% but it can increase by up to 85% following a period of training.

47
Q

ejection fraction equation?

A

Ejection fraction = Stroke volume / end diastolic volume

48
Q

Define Cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute.

49
Q

How do you work out your maximum heart rate?

A

220 - your age

50
Q

Heart rate is in direct proportion to what?

A

Exercise intensity (the higher the intensity, the higher the heart rate)

51
Q

Would a trained athlete have a greater heart rate range? why?

A

Yes they would because their resting heart rate will be lower and their maximum heart rate increases, compared to someone the same age as them without training their maximum heart rate will follow the 220 - age equation.

A level PE paper 1 (2 decks)

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