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Chapter 19 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Three major types of vessels are?

A

Arteries, capillaries, and veins

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2
Q

Arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

Veins?

A

They carry blood toward the heart

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4
Q

Capillaries?

A

They contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs

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5
Q

Arteries and veins are composed of what three tunics?

A

Tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

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6
Q

Elastic (conducting) arteries

A

Thick-walled arteries near the heart; the aorta and its major branches

- Large lumen allow low-resistance conduction of blood
- contain elastin in all 3 tunics 
- Withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuation
- Serve as pressure reservoirs
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6
Q

Pressure is what at the vena cava?

A

0 mm Hg

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6
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to body organs

Have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle

Active in vasoconstriction

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6
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds

Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction

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6
Q

Capillaries structure

A

Are the smallest blood vessels

Walls consisting of a thin tunica interna one cell thick
Allow only one single RBC to pass at a time
Pericytes on the outer surface stabilize their walls

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7
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • Abundant in the skin and muscles
  • endothelial cells provide an uninterrupted lining
  • adjacent cells are connected with tight junctions
  • intercellular clefts allow the passage of fluids
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8
Q

Continuous capillaries of the brain

A

Have tight junctions completely around the endothelium constitutes the blood-brain barrier

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9
Q

Fenestrated(pores) capillaries

A

Are found wherever active capillary absorption or filtration formation occurs (example small intestines, endocrine glands and kidneys)
characterized by an endothelium riddled with pores
greater permeability and than continuous capillaries

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10
Q

Sinusoid or sinusoidal capillaries

A

Are highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large lumens
found in the liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, and spleen allow large molecules (proteins and white blood cells) to pass between the blood and surrounding tissue
blood flows sluggishly allowing for modification in various ways

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11
Q

Capillary beds

A

A microcirculation of interwoven networks of capillaries consisting of: vascular shunts-metarteriole & true capillaries

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12
Q

Vascular shunts- metarteriole

A

Thoroughfare channel connecting an arteriole directly with a post capillary venule

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13
Q

True capillaries

A

10 to 100 per capillary bed, capillaries branch off the metarteriole and return at the distal end of the bed

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14
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

“Close up”
cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary
regulates blood flow into the capillary
blood flow is regulated by vasomotor nerves and Local chemical conditions

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15
Q

Venules

A

Are formed when capillary beds unite

allow fluid and WBCs to pass from the bloodstream to tissues

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16
Q

Postcapillary venules

A

Smallest venules, composed of endothelium and a few pericytes

Large venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle (tunica media)

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17
Q

Capacitance vessels

A

(Blood Reservoirs) that contain 65% of the blood supply

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18
Q

Venous sinuses

A

Specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls (example coronary sinus of the heart and dural sinuses of the brain)

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19
Q

Arterial anastomoses

A

Provide alternate pathways (collateral channels) for blood to reach a given body region

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20
Q

Varicose veins

A

Veins with incompetent (leaky) valves

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21
Q

Straining causes?

A

Hemorrhoids- varicose veins of the anus

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22
Q

Blood flow

A

It’s the actual volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ or the entire circulation.

  • Measured in ml per min
  • Is equivalent to cardiac output (CO), considering the entire vascular system
  • is relatively constant when at rest.
  • Varies widely through individual organs
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22
Q

Blood pressure

A

Is force per unit area exerted on the wall of the blood vessel by its contained blood

  • expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
  • measured in reference to systemic arterial BP in large arteries near the heart
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22
Q

Resistance factors that remain relatively constant are?

A

Blood viscosity and blood vessel length

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23
Q

Blood viscosity

A

“Stickiness” of the blood; the stickier the blood, the greater the resistance encountered

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23
Q

Blood vessel length

A

The longer the vessel, the greater the resistance encountered

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24
Q

Resistance

A

Opposition to flow

-Measure of the amount of friction blood encounters

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24
Q

Three important sources of resistance are?

A

Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, &

blood vessel diameter (the only one that fluctuates)

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25
Q

This steepest change in blood-pressure occurs in

A

The arterioles

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26
Q

Systemic pressure is highest in the

A

Aorta

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27
Q

The pumping action of the heart generates blood flow through the vessels along a ____ _____ always moving from ____ to ____ pressure areas

A

Pressure gradient; higher to lower

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28
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction

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28
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Lowest level of arterial pressure during a ventricular cycle

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29
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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30
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Pressure that propels the blood to the tissues
(constant)
different in each part of the body

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31
Q

MAP =

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

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32
Q

Venous blood pressure alone is too low to promote adequate blood return and is aided by

A

Respiratory pump

muscular pump

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33
Q

Respiratory “pump”

A

Pressure changes created during breathing suck blood for the heart by squeezing local veins

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33
Q

Muscular “pump”

A

Contraction of skeletal muscles “milk” blood toward the heart

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33
Q

Valves prevent ____ during venous return

A

Back flow

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33
Q

Maintaining blood pressure requires?

A

Cooperation of the heart, blood vessels and kidneys

supervision of the brain (SNS & PNS)

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33
Q

The main factors influencing blood-pressure are?

A 
Cardiac output (CO)
Peripheral resistance (PR)
Blood volume
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33
Q

Short term controls of blood pressure

A

Are mediated by the nervous system and blood-borne chemicals

Counteract moment to moment fluctuations and blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance

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33
Q

Long-term controls regulate?

A

Blood volume

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34
Q

Neural controls of peripheral resistance do what?

A

Alter blood distribution in response to demands

Maintain MAP by altering blood vessel diameter

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35
Q

Neural controls

A

Vasomotor center

Baroreceptor-initiated reflexes

35
Q

Vasomotor center

A

A cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla that oversees changes in blood vessel diameter

Maintains blood vessel tone by innervating smooth muscles of blood vessels especially arterioles

35
Q

Cardiovascular center

A

Vasomotor center plus the cardiac centers that integrate blood pressure control by altering cardiac output and blood vessel diameter

35
Q

Short term mechanisms

Sympathetic activity causes

A

Vasoconstriction and a rise in BP if increased

BP to decline to basal levels if decreased

36
Q

Baroreceptor-initiated reflexes

A

Increased blood pressure stimulates the cardioinhibitory center to

Increase vessel diameter (vasodilation)

Decrease heart rate, cardiac output, peripheral resistance and blood pressure

37
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Regulates BP reflexes sensitive to oxygen and carbon dioxide

38
Q

Catecholamines

Aka adrenal medulla hormones

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase BP

39
Q

Antidiurectic hormone

A

Causes intense vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low BP

40
Q

Angiotensin II

A

Kidney release of renin generates angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction

41
Q

Endothelium-derived factors

A

Endothelin and prostaglandin-derived growth factor (PDGF) are both vasoconstrictors

41
Q

Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Causes blood volume and pressure to decline

41
Q

Nitric oxide (NO)

A

Is a brief but potent vasodilator

41
Q

Inflammatory chemicals

A

Histamine, prostacyclin and kinins are potent vasodilators

42
Q

Alcohol

A

Causes BP to drop by inhibiting ADH

43
Q

Long-term controls of blood pressure

A

Increase BP stimulate the kidney to eliminate water thus reducing BP

Decrease BP stimulates the kidneys to release blood volume and BP

44
Q

Baroreceptors Adapt to chronic higher or low BP therefore they are ineffective against?

A

Hypertension

45
Q

Direct renal mechanism

A

Alters blood volume

Blood volume or BP increases -> urine output decreases

46
Q

Indirect renal mechanism

A

Involves renin angiotensin mechanism

47
Q

Vital signs

A

Pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temperature

47
Q

Radial pulse

A

Routinely used; is taking on the radial artery at the wrist

47
Q

Ausculatory method

A

Measure the systemic arterial blood pressure indirectly

Blood pressure cuff does this

47
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Blood-pressure cuff

47
Q

When measuring blood pressure the first sound heard is recorded as

A

Systolic pressure

47
Q

When measuring blood pressure and sound disappears it is recorded as

A

Diastolic pressure

48
Q

Blood-pressure sounds are called?

A

Korotkoff sounds

49
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

Temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position

50
Q

Hypotension

A

Low BP in which systolic pressure is below 100 mm Hg

51
Q

Chronic hypotension

A

Hint of poor nutrition and warning signs for Addison’s disease

52
Q

Acute hypotension

A

Important sign of circulatory shock

Threat to patients undergoing surgery and those in intensive care units

53
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

Due to identifiable disorders, including excessive renin secretion, arteriosclerosis and endocrine disorders (Cushing’s disease)

10% of cases

54
Q

Primary hypertension

A

No underlining cause, the risk factors include diet, obesity, age, race, heredity, stress and smoking

90% of cases

54
Q

At the arterial end of a bed

A

Hydrostatic forces dominate (fluids flow out)

55
Q

Circulatory shock

A

Any condition in which blood vessels are Inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally

Results in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs

55
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

Low blood volume: results from large-scale blood loss

56
Q

Vascular shock

A

Normal blood volume but circulation is poor: due to extreme vasodilation

Anaphylactic shock and septic shock

57
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

Vascular shock

Body wide vasodilation triggered by massive histamine release

58
Q

Septic shock

A

Vascular shock

Body wide vasodilation caused by bacterial toxins

59
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Pump failure: the heart cannot sustain adequate circulation

60
Q

Blood flow through the heart

A

Small vessels coronary circulation is influenced by aortic pressure, pumping of the ventricles
Under resting conditions blood flow through the heart may be controlled by myogenic mechanisms

61
Q

Bloodflow or tissue perfusion is involved in

A

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of waste from tissue cells

Gas exchange in the lungs

Absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract

Urine formation by the kidney

62
Q

Blood velocity

A

Change as it travels through the systemic circulation

Is oppositely proportional to the cross-sectional area
For example: If it is Small it flows faster
if it is large it flows slower

63
Q

Why is capillary flow slow?

A

Allows adequate time for exchange between blood and tissue

64
Q

Autoregulation

A

Automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any given point in time

65
Q

Angiogenesis

A

The number of blood vessels in a region that will increase

66
Q

Metabolic controls

A

Declining tissue nutrients and oxygen levels are stimuli for autoregulation
Hemoglobin delivers nitric oxide as well as oxygen to tissues
Nitric oxide induces thousand vasodilation of the capillaries to help get oxygen to tissue cells
Other autoregulatory substances include: potassium, hydrogen ions, adenosine, lactic acid, histamines, kinins, prostaglandin

67
Q

Myogenic controls

Smooth muscle

A

Inadequate blood perfusion or excessively high arterial pressure
Are autoregulatory
Provoke myogenic responses stimulation of vascular smooth muscle

68
Q

Long-term autoregulation

A

Is evoked when short-term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements

May evolve over weeks or months to enrich local blood flow

Angiogenesis

69
Q

Blood flow: skeletal muscles

A

Resting muscle blood flow is regulated by myogenic and general neural mechanisms in response to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

When muscles become active hyperemia is directly proportional to greater metabolic activity of the muscle

Arterioles in muscle have cholinergic, and alpha and beta andrenergic receptors

69
Q

Blood flow: skeletal muscle regulation

A

During exercise sympathetic nervous system increases activity
Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels and digested viscera and skin
Intrinsic metabolic control cause vasodilation and skeletal muscle to occur
Low levels of epinephrine bind to beta receptors
Cholinergic receptors are occupied

70
Q

Blood flow: brain

A

Blood flow to the brain is constant and neurons are intolerant of ischemia

Metabolic controls- brain tissue is extremely sensitive to decline pH and increased carbon dioxide causes marked vasodilation

Myogenic controls protect the brain from damaging changes in blood pressure

71
Q

MAP below 60mm Hg can cause

A

Syncope

72
Q

MAP above 160 can result in

A

Cerebral edema

73
Q

Blood flow through the skin

A

Supplies nutrients to cells in response to oxygen need

Help maintain body temp
Provide a blood reservoir

74
Q

Blood flow to venous plexuses below the skin surface

A

Varies from 50 ml/min to 2500 ml/min Depending on body temp

Is controlled by SNS reflexes initiated by temperature receptors and the CNS

75
Q

Bloodflow or tissue perfusion is involved in

A

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of waste from tissue cells

Gas exchange in the lungs

Absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract

Urine formation by the kidney

75
Q

Why is capillary flow slow?

A

Allows adequate time for exchange between blood and tissue

75
Q

Vascular muscle responds directly to

A

Increased vascular pressure with increased tone which causes vasoconstriction

Reduce stretch with vasodilation which promotes increased blood flow to the tissue

75
Q

Long-term autoregulation

A

Is evoked when short-term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements

May evolve over weeks or months to enrich local blood flow

Angiogenesis

76
Q

Blood flow: skeletal muscles

A

Resting muscle blood flow is regulated by myogenic and general neural mechanisms in response to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

When muscles become active hyperemia is directly proportional to greater metabolic activity of the muscle

Arterioles in muscle have cholinergic, and alpha and beta andrenergic receptors

77
Q

Blood flow: skeletal muscle regulation

A

During exercise sympathetic nervous system increases activity
Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels and digested viscera and skin
Intrinsic metabolic control cause vasodilation and skeletal muscle to occur
Low levels of epinephrine bind to beta receptors
Cholinergic receptors are occupied

78
Q

Blood flow: brain

A

Blood flow to the brain is constant and neurons are intolerant of ischemia

Metabolic controls- brain tissue is extremely sensitive to decline pH and increased carbon dioxide causes marked vasodilation

Myogenic controls protect the brain from damaging changes in blood pressure

79
Q

MAP below 60mm Hg can cause

A

Syncope

80
Q

MAP above 160 can result in

A

Cerebral edema

80
Q

Blood flow through the skin

A

Supplies nutrients to cells in response to oxygen need

Help maintain body temp
Provide a blood reservoir

80
Q

Blood flow to venous plexuses below the skin surface

A

Varies from 50 ml/min to 2500 ml/min Depending on body temp

Is controlled by SNS reflexes initiated by temperature receptors and the CNS

80
Q

Bloodflow or tissue perfusion is involved in

A

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of waste from tissue cells

Gas exchange in the lungs

Absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract

Urine formation by the kidney

81
Q

What precisely is the right Amount to provide proper tissue function

A

Blood flow- no more, no less

82
Q

Blood velocity

A

Change as it travels through the systemic circulation

Is oppositely proportional to the cross-sectional area
For example: If it is Small it flows faster
if it is large it flows slower

83
Q

Why is capillary flow slow?

A

Allows adequate time for exchange between blood and tissue

84
Q

Autoregulation

A

Automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any given point in time

85
Q

____ remains constant, while ____ regulate the amount of blood delivered to various areas according to need

A

MAP ; local demands

119
Q

Tunica interna

A

Endothelial layer that line the lumen of all vessels

120
Q

Tunica media

A

Controls vasoconstriction/ vasodilation of vessels

121
Q

Tunica externa

A

Protects and reinforces vessels

Vaso vasorum a network of tiny blood vessels

Chapter 19 (1 decks)

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