The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Cardiovascular System (CVS)

Answer 1

System coordinating oxygen and nutrient delivery.

Question 2

Stroke Volume (SV)

Answer 2

Volume of blood pumped per heartbeat.

Question 3

Cardiac Output (CO)

Answer 3

Total blood volume pumped per minute.

Question 4

Deoxygenated Blood

Answer 4

Blood low in oxygen, sent to lungs.

Question 5

Oxygenated Blood

Answer 5

Blood rich in oxygen, delivered to body.

Question 6

SA Node

Answer 6

Heart’s primary pacemaker initiating electrical signals.

Question 7

AV Node

Answer 7

Delays electrical signal before ventricles contract.

Question 8

Purkinje Fibers

Answer 8

Conduct electrical signals to ventricular myocardium.

Question 9

Intercalated Disks

Answer 9

Connect cardiac muscle cells for synchronized contraction.

Question 10

Electrical Activity

Answer 10

Sequence of depolarization and repolarization in heart.

Question 11

P Wave

Answer 11

Represents atrial depolarization in ECG.

Question 12

QRS Complex

Answer 12

Indicates ventricular depolarization in ECG.

Question 13

T Wave

Answer 13

Represents ventricular repolarization in ECG.

Question 14

Cardiac Cycle

Answer 14

One complete heartbeat from P to P wave.

Question 15

Heart Rate (HR)

Answer 15

Number of heartbeats per minute.

Question 16

QT Interval

Answer 16

Time from ventricular depolarization to repolarization.

Question 17

P-R Segment

Answer 17

Time taken for signal through AV node.

Question 18

S-T Segment

Answer 18

Period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

Question 19

Cardiac Auscultation

Answer 19

Listening to heart sounds with a stethoscope.

Question 20

Acinonyx jubatus

Answer 20

Cheetah, known for high heart rate.

Question 21

Etruscan Shrew

Answer 21

Smallest mammal, 1,500 BPM heart rate.

Question 22

Blood Flow Sequence

Answer 22

Path blood takes through heart and vessels.

Question 23

Ventricular Conducting System

Answer 23

Pathway for electrical signals through ventricles.

Question 24

Atrial Contraction

Answer 24

Occurs after P wave in cardiac cycle.

Question 25

Ventricular Contraction

Answer 25

Occurs after QRS complex in cardiac cycle.

Question 26

Oxygen Provision

Answer 26

Delivery of oxygen to body cells.

Question 27

Nutrient Transport

Answer 27

Movement of nutrients to and from cells.

Question 28

Cheetah

Answer 28

Fastest land animal; heart rate peaks at 250 BPM.

Question 29

Resting Heartbeat

Answer 29

Cheetah's resting heartbeat is 120 BPM.

Question 30

Maximum Heart Rate

Answer 30

Human max heart rate typically 220 BPM.

Question 31

******* Diagram

Answer 31

Graphical representation of cardiac cycle events.

Question 32

Systole

Answer 32

Phase of heart contraction.

Question 33

Diastole

Answer 33

Phase of heart relaxation.

Question 34

Atrial Systole

Answer 34

Contraction of atria pushing blood into ventricles.

Question 35

Ventricular Systole

Answer 35

Contraction of ventricles ejecting blood into arteries.

Question 36

Isovolumic Ventricular Contraction

Answer 36

Ventricles contract without changing volume.

Question 37

Ventricular Ejection

Answer 37

Blood is expelled from ventricles into arteries.

Question 38

Heart Sounds

Answer 38

Sounds produced by heart valve closures.

Question 39

First Heart Sound (S1)

Answer 39

Sound from closure of AV valves; 'Lub'.

Question 40

Second Heart Sound (S2)

Answer 40

Sound from closure of semilunar valves; 'Dup'.

Question 41

Auscultation

Answer 41

Listening to heart sounds using a stethoscope.

Question 42

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Answer 42

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole.

Question 43

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

Answer 43

Volume of blood remaining in ventricles after contraction.

Question 44

Cardiac Output Formula

Answer 44

CO = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).

Question 45

Normal Cardiac Output

Answer 45

At rest: ~5,000 mL/min or 5.25 L/min.

Question 46

Blood Flow Distribution

Answer 46

Varies by organ based on metabolic needs.

Question 47

Muscle Blood Flow During Exercise

Answer 47

Can receive up to 85% of cardiac output.

Question 48

Arterial Diameter

Answer 48

Changes to regulate blood pressure and flow.

Question 49

Veins

Answer 49

Return deoxygenated blood to lungs; low pressure.

Question 50

Metabolic Needs

Answer 50

Determine blood flow to individual organs.

Question 51

Smooth Muscle in Arteries

Answer 51

Controls diameter to adjust blood flow.

Question 52

Circulatory System

Answer 52

Delivers oxygenated blood via arteries.