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sem 2 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the thoracic skeleton? ( 2m)

A
  1. The thoracic skeleton helps to protect the organs within the thoracic cavity such as the heart and the lungs
  2. It also acts as a site of attachment for muscles which are involved in moving the rib cage during respiration.
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2
Q

Describe the sternum (breast bone)? (4)

A
  1. The ribs and several muscles are attached to the Sternum
  2. The sternum is palpable- it can be felt as close to the skin
  3. The sternum is made up of 3 parts: MBMJ
  4. Manurbium
  5. Body
  6. Manubriosternal joint- marks the site of attachment of the second pair of ribs. The first rib is not palpable and cannot be felt- only the second one is.
  7. Consists of the Xiphisternym which is a sword like bone on the inferior part of the sternum.
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3
Q

Describe the Mediastinum? (2pts)

A
  1. Helps to divide the chest cavity into:
  2. The median partition- mediastinum
  3. The lateral pleura and lungs
  4. The mediastinum is divided by a sternal angle into the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum.
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4
Q

Describe the Mediastinum? (2pts)

A
  1. Helps to divide the chest cavity into:
  2. The median partition- mediastinum
  3. The lateral pleura and lungs
  4. The mediastinum is divided by a sternal angle into the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum.
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5
Q

Describe the pericardium? ( 3pts)

A
  1. The heart lies within the pericardium in the mediastinum
  2. Pericardium is a fibro-serous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels
  3. Pericardium function:
  4. Restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole
  5. Serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract.
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6
Q

Describe the heart? ( 5pts)

A
  1. The heart consists of 2 chambers
  2. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and sends it to the lungs
  3. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood and sends it around the body
  4. Each side ( pump) consists of an atrium and a ventricle which are separated by a valve
  5. Anatomically there are 4 chambers
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7
Q

Describe valves?

A

Valves help direct the flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles

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8
Q

Describe the arteries?

A

Always carry blood away from the heart

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9
Q

Describe the veins?

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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10
Q

What does the inter-ventricular septum do?

A

Separates the right and left ventricle

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11
Q

Describe Atria vs ventricles? (4pts)

A
  1. Thin walled atria receive blood coming into the heart whereas the thick walled ventricles pump blood out of the heart
  2. There is greater force required to pump blood throughout the body than to the lungs so the muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right
  3. Inter-atrial, inter-ventricular and atrioventricular septa separate the four chambers of the heart.
  4. The internal anatomy of a chamber is critical to its function.
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12
Q

What is the anterior surface of the hart formed by?

A

the right ventricle

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13
Q

Describe the right atrium? (3pts)

A
  1. Forms the right border of the heart
  2. The right atrium receives blood through the superior vena cava, interior vena cava and the coronary sinus
  3. The coronary sinus returns blood from the walls of the heart itself.
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14
Q

Describe the right ventricle? (3pts)

A
  1. Blood enters from the right atrium to the right ventricle in a horizontal and anterior direction
  2. The blood then leaves the heart via the pulmonary trunk which is an outflow trunk that is closed by a pulmonary valve.
  3. The pulmonary valve is made up of 3 semilunar cusps and prevents the blood from flowing backwards. As the blood attempts to flow backwards the cusps will open and fill with blood. They then close to prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
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15
Q

Describe the importance of the papillary muscles?

A

When the ventricle contracts papillary muscles contract preventing the cusps from turning inside out into the atrium as intra-ventricular pressure rises.

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16
Q

Describe the left atrium? (5pts)

A
  1. The left atrium forms most of the base of the heart
  2. The blood enters x4 pulmonary veins
  3. The anterior half is continuous with the left auricle
  4. The depression on the interatrial septum is the valve of the foramen ovale
  5. The blood moves into the left ventricle via the atrioventricular orfice which is guarded by the mitral valve which has 2 cusps.
17
Q

Describe the left ventricle? (4pts)

A
  1. The walls of the left ventricle are much thicker than the right ventricle
  2. The left ventricle is anterior to the left atrium
  3. Blood passes through the AV orfice towards apex
  4. The left ventricle is guarded by the mitral valve
18
Q

Describe aortic vestibuls? (2pts)

A
  1. The blood flows into the aortic vestibule which is the entrance of the aorta. It is guarded by the aortic valve.
  2. As blood recoils after ventricular contraction and fills the aortic sinuses formed by cusps it is forced into coronary arteries.
19
Q

Describe aortic vestibuls? (2pts)

A
  1. The blood flows into the aortic vestibule which is the entrance of the aorta. It is guarded by the aortic valve.
  2. As blood recoils after ventricular contraction and fills the aortic sinuses formed by cusps it is forced into coronary arteries.
20
Q

Describe Coronary circulation? (3pts)

A
  1. The heart is a muscular organ contracting around once a second
  2. The heart needs its own source of oxygen and nutrients
  3. The heart is supplied by the coronary arteries. it arises from aortic sinuses of the ascending aorta. Coronary arteries and branches are distributed over the surface of the heart. There is variability in branches.
21
Q

Describe the right Coronary artery? (3pts)

A
  1. The right coronary artery arises from the aorta and runs forwards between the pulmonary trunk and right auricle
  2. The right coronary artery descends vertically in the right antrioventrcular groove
  3. The right coronary artery is made up of a marginal branch and a posterior interventricular branch which is variable.
22
Q

Describe the left coronary artery? (3pts)

A
  1. Usually larger than the right coronary artery
  2. The left coronary artery arises from the aorta and passes forward between the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle
  3. It then enters the atrio-ventricular groove and divides into anterior inter-ventricular branch and a circumflex branch.
23
Q

Describe the cardiac veins? (4pts)

A
  1. Cardiac veins drain blood from the heart
  2. The major vein which connects all the cardiac veins is the coronary sinus
  3. The coronary sinus receives 4 major tributaries:
  4. Great cardiac vein
  5. Middle cardiac vein
  6. Small cardiac vein
  7. Posterior cardiac vein

GMSP- GREAT MINDED SMALL POLICE

  1. Anterior cardiac veins are very small and drain only the anterior portion of the right ventricle
24
Q

Describe the branches of the aorta? (3pts)

A
  1. The ascending aorta- this lies within the pericardial sac
  2. Arch of aorta- lies behind the manubrium sterni in front of the trachea. It arches upwards and backwards. It becomes continuous with descending aorta at the level of the sternal angle.
  3. Aortic arch branches-
  4. Brachiocephalic trunk- divides into the right subcavian and right common carotid
  5. Left common carotid
  6. Left subclavian
25
Q

What forms a Brachiocephalic vein? IS=B

A

The internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein join together to form a Brachiocephalic vein

26
Q

Describe the upper limb arteris?

these are conmtinous with

A 
Subclavian artery - begins with 
Axillary artery 
Brachial artery 
Radial artery 
Ulnar artery 
Palmar arch- archs across the palm of the hand

SANDY AND BRANDY RAN UP PAKISTAN

27
Q

Describe the Coeliac trunk? (2pts)

A
  1. Has 3 terminal branches

2. Supplies organs in the upper part of the abdominal

28
Q

How is the inferior vena cava joined?

A

Formed by the joining of the left and right common lilac vein

29
Q

What is the Femoral triangle?

A

The femoral triangle provides easy aces to the Femoral artery therefore has a very useful clinical application

30
Q

Describe the Popliteal Fossa? (2pts)

A
  1. Diamond shaped depression located posterior to the knee joint
  2. Important nerves and vessels pass from the thigh to the leg by traversing through this fossa
31
Q

Name the four arteries of the leg? (4PTS)

A

Popiliteal
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis

PAPA PRAYED ANNA DIED

32
Q

Describe the veins of the legs?

A

The veins of the lower limb can be divided into two groups:

  1. Deep veins
  2. Superficial veins- found in the subcutaneous tissue. they eventually drain into the deep veins.
33
Q

Describe the 2 major superficial veins? (2pts)

A
  • The superficial veins of the lower limb run in the subcutaneous tissue
  1. The great saphenous vein
  2. The small saphenous vein

sem 2 (12 decks)

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