The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What do chemoreceptors detect?
Rises in carbon dioxide levels (or increases in acidity or dropping PH levels)
What’s it called when your heart rate increases before you start exercises?
Anticipatory rise
How many chambers are in a heart?
4
How do you work out the maximum heart rate?
220-age
What is vasodilation?
When your blood vessels relax and the lumen size increases
Why is your blood shown as blue when it travels through the right side of your heart on a diagram?
It represents deoxygenated blood
How is a red blood cell shaped and why?
A disk because it increases the surface area so it allows for the maximum amount of oxygen to bind to it (in the haemoglobin in the RBC).
What is vasoconstriction?
When the blood vessel contracts and the diameter or lumen decreases in size.
What are the 3 main types of blood vessel?
Veins, arteries and capillaries
What do proprioceptor detect?
Movement in the tendons
What do baroreceptors detect?
Blood pressure
Which chambers of the heart are the largest?
Ventricles
What are the names of the different valves in the heart?
Bicuspid, Tricuspid, Aortic and Pulmonary
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Causes a relaxation - stimulates the heart to beat slower
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
Causes a fight flight response - stimulates the heart to beat faster.
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in 1 beat.
Definition of heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute.
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Left and right Atrium and Ventricles
How do you calculate Cardiac Output (Q)?
HR x SV
What is Anticipatory rise?
An increase in HR prior to exercise caused by adrenaline
What carries Oxygen in Red Blood Cells
Haemoglobin
What substance in the muscles has a higher affinity to Oxygen than Haemoglobin that allows Oxygen to diffuse into the muscles?
Myoglobin
What are the 3 factors that cause the Bohr Shift?
Increase in CO2 levels, increased in acidity and reduced PH and increase in body temperature.
What is the theory that explains that during steady state exercise HR continues to gradually increase whilst SV decreases so that Q remains constant?
Cardiovascular Drift
Why during steady state exercise does SV start to decrease?
Due to lose of water from the blood plasma because of sweating. This causes the blood to become more viscous (think/sticky).
What is the order for the 4 components of the Heart conduction system?
SAN
AVN
Bundle of HIS
Purkinji Fibres
What does SAN stand for?
Sinoatrial Node
Which is the main blood vessel leaving the left ventricle delivering oxygen rich blood around the body?
Aorta (Artery)
Which blood vessel bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body?
Vena Cava (superior and Inferior - a Vein)
What is an average blood pressure?
120 over 80
What are the 2 pressures called when measuring blood pressure?
Systolic (contracting) and diastolic (filling/relaxing)
What 3 mechanisms support venous return?
Pocket valves
The skeletal muscle pump
The Respiratory pump
What is the purpose (outcome) of the Bohr shift
Increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the working muscles. Increase oxyhaemoglobin dissociation.
What is A-Vo2 Diff?
The difference between the Oxygen content of haemoglobin in the arteries entering the muscles and the veins leaving the muscles.
What happens to the A-Vo2 Diff during exercise?
Increases
Name 4 health conditions that are improved (reduced risk of) because of regular exercise
Heart Disease (CHD)
Stoke
High Cholesterol
High Blood Pressure
