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PE - miss evans > the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

where does deoxygenated blood travel?

A

the right side
out of the pulmonary artery
to the lungs

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2
Q

where does the oxygenated blood travel?

A

the left side
travels into the heart
around the body

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3
Q

what do valves do?

A

they stop the backflow of blood

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4
Q

The 11 steps of the cv system

A
  1. deoxygenated blood returns to the heart in the inferior and superior vena cava
  2. the blood goes into the right atrium
  3. blood then goes through tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
  4. travels through pulmonary valve and out of pulmonary artery
  5. travels to lungs
  6. oxygenated blood enters through pulmonary veins into left atrium
  7. travels through bicuspid valve into left ventricle
  8. back through aortic valve
  9. up through aorta
  10. out of the heart and is distributed to working muscles and around the body.
  11. the Chordae tendineae ensure the valves only open the correct way and don’t ‘collapse’.
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5
Q

which chambers are larger?

A

the ventricles because they have to pump blood further meaning they are working harder

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6
Q

which side of the heart is larger?

A

left

where oxygenated blood goes and it has to be pumped further around the body then deoxygenated on the right

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7
Q

name the main blood vessels that enter and leave the heart

A

pulmonary veins
pulmonary artery
aorta
vena cava

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8
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

the widening of blood vessels

increase the amount of blood flow to these areas

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9
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

the narrowing of blood vessels

decreases the amount of blood flow to that area

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10
Q

what is a precapillary sphincter?

A

a band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow to capillaries

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11
Q

what happens to blood flow during exercise?

A

more is directed to heart to allow it to beat faster
directed to the skin to allow sufficient energy to help cool the body down
the skeletal muscles require more oxygen so more blood is directed there to meet oxygen demand

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12
Q

blood flow to the brain?

A

blood flow to the brain must remain constant
the % of blood changes as during exercise cardiac output Is different (rest- 5l per min approx.)(exercise- 25L approx.)
amount of blood doesn’t alter

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13
Q

why is blood redistribution important?

A
  1. increases supply of oxygen to working muscles
  2. removes waste products from muscles (lactic acid, co2)
  3. ensures more blood goes to skin to regulate body temp
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14
Q

where is the vasomotor centre and what does it do?

A

the medulla oblongata in the brain

controls blood flow and pressure

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15
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

in carotid arteries and aortic arch

detect chemical changes

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16
Q

what is anticipatory rise?

A

an increase in heart rate prior to exercise beginning
caused by sympathetic nervous system
adrenal gland to release adrenaline and noradrenaline

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17
Q

sympathetic

A

the system in the body that fires the body up for exercise (FIGHT or FLIGHT)

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18
Q

parasympathetic

A

the system that slows the body down and relaxes you (REST and RELAX)

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19
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute

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20
Q

vascular shunt mechanism

A

redistribution of cardiac output

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21
Q

what proprioceptors

A

in nerve endings in muscles, tendons and joints

detect changes in muscle movement

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22
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

tissues in aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels
detect changes in blood pressure

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23
Q

what are the four parts of the hearts conduction system?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
Bundle of HIS
purkinje fibres

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24
Q

the 8 steps of a heart beat

A
  1. SAN generates an electrical impulse and this spreads across the atria
  2. atria contract
  3. the impulse travels to the AVN where it is held for 0.01-0.02 seconds
  4. while the impulse us being held the ventricles fill up with blood
  5. AVN release the impulse
  6. impulse travels to the bundle of HIS
  7. impulse travels to purkinje fibres
  8. ventricles contract
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25
Q

plasma

A

fluid part of the blood
mainly water
surrounds blood cells and transports them

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26
Q

haemoglobin

A

an iron containing pigmentation found in RBC

combines with 02 = oxyhaemoglobin

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27
Q

myoglobin

A

‘muscle haemoglobin’
iron containing pigment found in slow twitch muscle fibres
has higher affinity for O2 than haemoglobin
stores 02 in muscle fibres ready for exercise

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28
Q

mitochondria

A

‘powerhouse’ of the cell

respiration and energy production occur here

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29
Q

what happens when oxygen diffuses into capillaries during exercise

A

3% dissolves into plasma

97% combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

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30
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

the pressure of 1 gas in a mixture of gases

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31
Q

how many oxygens does haemoglobin carry when fully saturated

A

4

32
Q

what is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

The oxygen dissociation curve is a graph with oxygen partial pressure along the horizontal axis and oxygen saturation on the vertical axis, which shows an S-shaped relationship.

33
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one beat

34
Q

heart rate

A

how many beats per minute the heart does

35
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen at the tissues?

A

lower
the o2 moves from the Hb to the lower pp
23% of O2 is given up by the haemoglobin and given to the muscles

36
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen at the lungs

A

near full saturation

O2 moves from the high pp in the alveoli to the lower pp in the haemoglobin

37
Q

when is O2 released from the haemoglobin?

A

when we exercise and our muscles require more o2

38
Q

what is the shift of the curve to the right called

A

the Bohr shift

39
Q

why does the curve shift to the right?

A

more oxygen dissociates from the Hb, therefore there is less saturation at the tissues

40
Q

what are the three ways that Hb knows to ‘give up’ o2?

A
  1. increase in blood temp
  2. partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases
  3. pH drop
41
Q

what is the difference of Hb and myoglobin when transporting O2?

A

haemoglobin is in RBC but the myoglobin is slow twitch muscle fibres

42
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume

Q=HRxSV

43
Q

what is the effect of exercise on heart rate?

A

increases- depending on intensity
increases in direct proportion to exercise intensity
eventually reaches maximum
trained performer has greater range in HR

44
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

a decrease in resting HR to below 60bpm

45
Q

what is the effect of exercise on stroke volume?

A

increases
depends on venous return
only up to 40-60% of max effort- then plateaus
the increased hr max effort = shorter diastolic phase
ventricles do not have as much time to fill up with blood so cant pump much out

46
Q

what is myocardium?

A

the greater contractility of cardiac tissue, the greater force of contraction

47
Q

what is elasticity of cardiac fibres?

A

concerned with the degree of stretch of the cardiac tissue during the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle

48
Q

what is the effect of exercise on cardiac output?

A

large increase
due to increase in HR and SV
will increase with intensity until maximum intensity is reached and then plateaus

49
Q

what is Starlings Law?

A

increased venous return leading to increased stroke volume

50
Q

what is venous return?

A

the volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins, if this increases so does the SV

51
Q

what are the 5 steps to remember starlings law

A
  1. increased venous return
  2. greater diastolic filling of the heart
  3. cardiac muscle stretched
  4. more force of contraction
  5. increased ejection fraction
52
Q

what is cardiovascular drift?

A

the theory about why the heart rate doesn’t reach a plateau during steady state exercise, but instead continues to gradually climb

53
Q

pulse rate- cv drift

A

HR does not plateau, it continues to slowly climb
because sv decreases
to continue to supply sufficient o2 the heart must beat more regularly to compensate for sv decreasing

54
Q

stroke volume-cv drift

A

increases to a point then begins to decrease
decreases because the blood has become more viscous as a result of water loss through sweating coming from plasma in blood
ventricles cannot pump as great a volume of blood with each beat

55
Q

cardiac output - cv drift

A

stays roughly the same as HR increases and SV decreases

56
Q

why is it important to consume fluid during exercise?

A
  • maintain hydration
  • ensure fluid content of blood plasma remains a normal level despite sweating
  • ensure blood doesn’t become viscous
  • prevents sv decreasing and hr increasing
  • reduces risk of cv drift
57
Q

veins

A
  • have valves to prevent backflow

- large lumen as blood under low pressure

58
Q

arteries

A
  • small lumen

- thick elastic walls to cope with high blood pressure and change blood pressure

59
Q

capillaries

A

-one cell thick to slow blood flow and maximise nutrient an gas diffusion

60
Q

what is a normal resting bp

A

120mmHg/80

61
Q

what is the order of the blood flow

A
  1. heart
  2. arteries
  3. arterioles
  4. capillaries
  5. venules
  6. veins
62
Q

blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall

63
Q

what is a systolic blood pressure?

A

the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

64
Q

what is a diastolic blood pressure?

A

pressure in the arteries when ventricles are relaxing

65
Q

what is venous return

A

the return of the blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

66
Q

what is a skeletal muscle pump?

A

when the muscle contracts, it squeezes the vein, forcing a valve open and blood along the vein
* this is the reason for cool downs to avoid blood pooling

67
Q

what is a respiratory pump?

A

when muscles contract and relax during breathing, pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
these changes compress the nearby veins and help return blood to the heart

68
Q

what are pocket valves?

A

ensure no backflow

valves close once blood has passed through to prevent this

69
Q

What helps venous return

A

Thin layer of Smooth muscle in veins help squeeze blood back to the Heart

Gravity

The Suction pump of the heart

70
Q

What is arterio-venous oxygen difference

A

The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles on the venous blood leaving the muscles

71
Q

At rest avo2 diff

A

Not much energy is required and therefore oxygen is required by the muscles this means AVO2 diff is low

72
Q

Avo2 diff during exercise

A

More oxygen breathe in there for more oxygen diffuses into arterial blood

Muscle takes more oxygen

Less oxygen in venous blood

Leads to increased in a-Vo2 diff

73
Q

Heart disease

A

When coronary arteries which supply the Heart miscles with oxygenated blood become blocked or start to narrow normally buy a build up a fatty deposits

Caused by high blood pressure high levels of cholesterol and lack of exercise and smoking

Regular exercise keeps heart healthy more efficient and maintains flexibility of blood vessels and ensuring good flow

74
Q

High blood pressure

A

Force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall

Put extra strain on the arteries and heart and if left untreated increases the risk of heart attack heart failure kidney damage stroke or dementia

Regular aerobic exercise reduces BP and therefore reduce his risk of heart attack

75
Q

Cholesterol

A

Low density lipoprotein transport cholesterol in the blood to the tissues and they are the bad cholesterol the link to the increase risk of heart disease

High density lipoprotein transport access cholesterol and blood back to live or where is broken down good cholesterol

Regular physical activity lowest bad cholesterol levels and significantly increases high cholesterol levels

76
Q

Stroke

A

The brain needs a constant supply of oxygenated blood and nutrients to maintain its function

Stroke occurs when blood supply is cut off causing damage to the brain cells so they start to die

Leading to brain damage disability and sometimes death

Exercise can help lower your blood pressure and help you to maintain a healthy weight which would use a stroke risk by 27%

PE - miss evans (7 decks)

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