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Cardiovascular System > The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are resistance vessels?

A

They restrict blood flow and drive hard to perfume areas of the body.
Lungs to heart to tissues.

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2
Q

What are capacitance vessels?

A

Carry blood from tissue to heart to lungs.

Can vary amount of blood pumped around and act as a storage facility.

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3
Q

Which side of the heart provides oxygenated blood?

A

The left side

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4
Q

Which side of the heart provides deoxygenated blood?

A

The right side

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5
Q

At rest, where is the majority of blood supplied to?

A

The gut

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6
Q

In exercise, where is the majority of blood supplied to?

A

The muscles

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7
Q

What two vessels feed the right atrium with deoxygenated blood and from which parts of the body?

A

Superior vena cava - upper body

Inferior vena cava - lower body

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8
Q

What valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

The tricuspid valve

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9
Q

After filling, where does blood in the right ventricle go and through wha valve?

A

The pulmonary artery through the pulmonary valve

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10
Q

What feeds the left atrium?

A

The pulmonary vein

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11
Q

What valance separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

The mitral valve

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12
Q

Where does blood from the left ventricle go next and through what valve?

A

Into the aorta through the aortic valve.

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13
Q

What is the definition of a systole?

A

The contraction and ejection of blood from the ventricles.

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14
Q

What is the definition of a distole?

A

The relaxation and filling of the ventricles.

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15
Q

At rest, how much blood does each ventricle pump per minute?

A

About 70ml

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16
Q

What are some properties of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated
Individual cells but form a functional syncytium - one cell easily influences another
Has a long action potential (280ms)
Action potential caused by rise in intracellular calcium

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17
Q

What stops the mitral/tricuspid valves from inverting?

A

Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae.

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18
Q

How does conduction spread from the sinoatrial node across the heart?

A

Spreads through the septum between the ventricles and around the outside.
Spreads through systole.

19
Q

What side of the heart is wiggers diagram from cardiac cycle based on?

A

Left

20
Q

Explain what happens during atrial contraction in wiggers diagram of the cardiac cycle.

A

Atrial pressure rises due to atrial systole (contraction of ejection of blood out the atrium). This causes an ‘A wave’ on wiggers diagram.
The mistral / tricuspid valves are open and the aortic /pulmonary valves are closed.

21
Q

What is ‘end diastolic volume’?

A

At the end of phase one, ventricular volumes are at the maximum.

22
Q

What happens in phase two isovolumetric contraction of the cardiac cycle?

A

Pressures in atria and ventricles equalise - ‘isovolumetric’.
All valves close.
Closure of valves results in S1 heratbeat.

23
Q

What happens in phase 3 rapid ejection of the cardiac cycle?

A

When pressure in the ventricle exceeds pressure in the aorta, aortic valve opens and blood ejects in the aorta.
Decrease in ventricular volume
Temporary reduction in atrial pressure as it is pulled down slightly by ventricular pressure - ‘x descent’.

24
Q

What is an x descent?

A

A temporary reduction in pressure in the atria during phase 3 of the cardiac cycle. As the ventricle contracts it pulled down the atria with it.

25
Q

What happens in phase 4 reduced ejection of the cardiac cycle?

A

Repolarisation of ventricle - ejection rate decreases.
Atrial pressure rises due to continuous venous return - ‘v wave’.
Mitral/tricuspid valves closed, aortic/pulmonary valves still open.

26
Q

What is a v wave?

A

Show on a wiggers digram showing the cardiac cycle.

Shows a rise in atrial pressure due to continuous venous return during phase 4 reduced ejection of ventricles.

27
Q

What is phase 5 of the cardiac cycle isovolumetric relaxation?

A

As intraventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure, there is small backlog of blood. This balances out pressures and causes the aortic valve to close (isovolumetric relaxation).
This closures causes the S2 heartbeat.

28
Q

What is end systolic volume?

A

The volume of the ventricles left when it has finished ejecting.

29
Q

What is phase 6 rapid filling of the cardiac cycle?

A

Intraventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure, mitral valve opens, letting blood rush into the ventricle.
This is silent however in some adults this can cause a third heartbeat S3 (normal in children but pathological in adults).

30
Q

What is a Y descent in wiggers diagram of the cardiac cycle?

A

A fall in atrial pressure when the mitral valve opens.

31
Q

When is phase 7 reduced filling of the cardiac cycle?

A

When the rate of filling (diastole) slows down, ventricles 90% full by end of stage 7.

32
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Obstruction of the valves

33
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Valve leakage

34
Q

What can cause aortic valve stenosis?

A

Degenerative (old age), congenital, chronic rheumatic fever

35
Q

What are the consequences of aortic valve stenosis?

A

Increased left ventricle pressure can lead to LV hypertrophy
Left side heart failure can lead to angina
Stress - damaged red blood cells as they pass through the valve - microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

36
Q

What heartbeat is characteristic of aortic valve stenosis?

A

Crescendo - descrescendo heartbeat

37
Q

What causes aortic valve regurgitation?

A

Aortic root dilation, rheumatic fever

38
Q

What are some consequences of aortic valve regurgitation?

A

Blood flows back during diastole, increases stoke volume, systolic pressure increase, diastolic pressure decreases
LV hypertrophy and bounding pulse (head bobbing, quinke’s sign - nailbed colour changes with heartbeat).

39
Q

What heartbeat is characteristic of aortic valve regurgitation?

A

Early descresendo diastolic murmur

40
Q

What is mitral valve regurgitation and what can it lead to?

A

Weakening of the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles causing a prolapse.
This can be due to damage after a heart attack, left sided heart failure.
Blood leaks back in the LV, increases preload and cause hypertrophy.

41
Q

What is the typical heartbeat of mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Holosystolic murmur

42
Q

What is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever

43
Q

What conditions can mitral valve regurgitation cause?

A

Pulmonary odema
Oesophagus compression leading to dysphagia
Atrial fibrillation

44
Q

What is the characteristic heartbeat of mitral valve regurgitation?

A

A ‘snap’ as the valve opens

Cardiovascular System (3 decks)

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