The Breathing System, Heart and CIRCULATION Flashcards
Where are the lungs?
They are in the thorax
What do the lungs do?
They allow you to breathe so that oxygen enters the body and carbon diaoxide is removed
What seperates the lungs from the lower part of the body
The diaphram
What part of the body protects the lungs?
The ribcage
Where does the air you breath go?
It enters the TRACHEA (windpipe) then splits into two tubes called the BRONCHI (each tube is called bronchus).
The BRONCHI then splits into BRONCHIOLES which are smaller tubes and these then split into ALVEOLI which passes the oxygen into the blood stream
How do artificial ventilators work?
Ventilators are machines that move air into and out of the lungs.
They help people breathe ewho are unable to breathe on their own (eg if the person is under general anaesthetic or they have a lung injury.
They pump air into the lung which expands the ribcage. When they stop pumping the ribcage relaxes and pushes the air back out of the lungs.
This is a sfae method although ocassionally they can cause DAMAGE by bursting ALVEOLI IF the lungs can’t cope with artifical air flow
What 4 qualities do ALVEOLI have that allows them to maximise diffusion of oxygen and CO2 into and out of blood?
- They have an ENORMOUS surface area (75m2 un humans)
- A moist lining for dissolving gases
- Very thin walls
- A very good blood supply
Apart from ALVEOLI give another example of where a surface area in the body improves absorbtion?
In the small intestines there are millions of tiny projectuons called VILLI. These increase the surface area and allow food to be absorbed quicker into the blood stream.
They have a single layer of surface cells ad a very good blood supply to assist with quick absorbtion.
What is meant by the double circulatory system
Humans have a double circulatory system.
The first one pumps deoxygenated blood (no oxygen in blood) to the lungs to take in oxygen.
The second system pumps oxygenated blood around all of the other organs of the body and the blood gives up the oxygen and the deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs.
What power source allows the blood to be pumped around the body
The heart
What do the heart valves do?
They ensure blood is only pumped in one direction.
How many chambers does the heart have?
4 chambers
Name the four chambers of the heart
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
What is the name of the two veins that bring blood into the right side and left sode of the heart?
The VENA CAVA brings bloof into the right side of the heart.
The Pulmonary vein brongs blood into the left hand side of the heart.
Explain how the journey for the blood on the right hand side of the heart.
- It enters the heart from the VENA CAVA vein
- The blood goes into the RIGHT ATRIUM.
- The blood is then pushed into the RIGHT VENTRICLE througha one way valve.
- The blood then leaves the heart in the PULMONARY ARTERY.
Explain the journey of the blood in the left hand side of the heart?
- It enters the LEFT ATRIUM from the PULMONARY VEIN.
- It is then pushed into the LEFT VENTRICLE througha one way valve.
- It then leaves the heart through the AORTA artery.
Name the three types of blood vessels
- ARTERIES - these carry the blood away from the heart
- CAPILLARIES - these are involved with exchange of materials at tissue level
- VEINS - these carry the blood to the heart
Which of the blood vessesl carries blood at high pressure and what qualities do these “vessels” have to allow the transport of high pressured blood
ARTERIES - they carry blood from the heart so it is pumped out at high pressure
QUALITY OF ARTERIES -the artery walls are strong and thick compared to the size of the LUMEN (hole).
They contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back.
What is the function of capillaries and describe the qualities that they have
- Arteries branch into capillaries.
- Capillaries are really small tiny and carry blood to every cell to EXCHANGE SUBSTANCES with them.
- They have PERMEABLE walles so substances can DIFFUSE in and out
- They supply FOOD and OXYGEN and take away WASTE like CO2
- Walls are generally ONE CELL THICK - this increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.
What is the function of veins and what are their qualities
- CAPILLARIES eventually join up to form VEINS
- The blood is at lower pressure in the veins so the walls don’t need to be as thick as ARETRY walls.
- They have a bigger LUMEN (hole) to help blood flow despite the lower pressure
- They also have VALVES to help keep the blood flowing in the RIGHT DIRECTION.
Is blood a tissue?
Yes
What do red blood cells do and what are their qualities?
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body.
They don’t have a nucleus and contain a red pigment called HAEMOGLOBIN
In the lungs the HAEMOGLOBIN combines with OXYGEN a dn becomes OXYHAEMOGLOBIN.
When they enter other issue the OXYHAEMOGLOBIN splits into HAEMOGLOBIN and OXYGEN that releases oxygen into the cells.
What do white blood cells defend against disease?
They can change shape to gobble up unwelcome MICROORGANISISMS.
They produce ANTIBODIES to fight microoganisms as well as ANTITOXINS to neutralise any TOXINs prodcued by the MICROORGANISMS.
Unlike the red blood cells they DO have a NUCLEUS
What helps to clot blood?
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