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Biology Unit 3 > The Breathing System, Heart and CIRCULATION > Flashcards

The Breathing System, Heart and CIRCULATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are the lungs?

A

They are in the thorax

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2
Q

What do the lungs do?

A

They allow you to breathe so that oxygen enters the body and carbon diaoxide is removed

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3
Q

What seperates the lungs from the lower part of the body

A

The diaphram

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4
Q

What part of the body protects the lungs?

A

The ribcage

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5
Q

Where does the air you breath go?

A

It enters the TRACHEA (windpipe) then splits into two tubes called the BRONCHI (each tube is called bronchus).

The BRONCHI then splits into BRONCHIOLES which are smaller tubes and these then split into ALVEOLI which passes the oxygen into the blood stream

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6
Q

How do artificial ventilators work?

A

Ventilators are machines that move air into and out of the lungs.

They help people breathe ewho are unable to breathe on their own (eg if the person is under general anaesthetic or they have a lung injury.

They pump air into the lung which expands the ribcage. When they stop pumping the ribcage relaxes and pushes the air back out of the lungs.

This is a sfae method although ocassionally they can cause DAMAGE by bursting ALVEOLI IF the lungs can’t cope with artifical air flow

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7
Q

What 4 qualities do ALVEOLI have that allows them to maximise diffusion of oxygen and CO2 into and out of blood?

A
  1. They have an ENORMOUS surface area (75m2 un humans)
  2. A moist lining for dissolving gases
  3. Very thin walls
  4. A very good blood supply
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8
Q

Apart from ALVEOLI give another example of where a surface area in the body improves absorbtion?

A

In the small intestines there are millions of tiny projectuons called VILLI. These increase the surface area and allow food to be absorbed quicker into the blood stream.

They have a single layer of surface cells ad a very good blood supply to assist with quick absorbtion.

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9
Q

What is meant by the double circulatory system

A

Humans have a double circulatory system.

The first one pumps deoxygenated blood (no oxygen in blood) to the lungs to take in oxygen.

The second system pumps oxygenated blood around all of the other organs of the body and the blood gives up the oxygen and the deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs.

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10
Q

What power source allows the blood to be pumped around the body

A

The heart

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11
Q

What do the heart valves do?

A

They ensure blood is only pumped in one direction.

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12
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4 chambers

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13
Q

Name the four chambers of the heart

A

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle

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14
Q

What is the name of the two veins that bring blood into the right side and left sode of the heart?

A

The VENA CAVA brings bloof into the right side of the heart.

The Pulmonary vein brongs blood into the left hand side of the heart.

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15
Q

Explain how the journey for the blood on the right hand side of the heart.

A
  1. It enters the heart from the VENA CAVA vein
  2. The blood goes into the RIGHT ATRIUM.
  3. The blood is then pushed into the RIGHT VENTRICLE througha one way valve.
  4. The blood then leaves the heart in the PULMONARY ARTERY.
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16
Q

Explain the journey of the blood in the left hand side of the heart?

A
  1. It enters the LEFT ATRIUM from the PULMONARY VEIN.
  2. It is then pushed into the LEFT VENTRICLE througha one way valve.
  3. It then leaves the heart through the AORTA artery.
17
Q

Name the three types of blood vessels

A
  1. ARTERIES - these carry the blood away from the heart
  2. CAPILLARIES - these are involved with exchange of materials at tissue level
  3. VEINS - these carry the blood to the heart
18
Q

Which of the blood vessesl carries blood at high pressure and what qualities do these “vessels” have to allow the transport of high pressured blood

A

ARTERIES - they carry blood from the heart so it is pumped out at high pressure

QUALITY OF ARTERIES -the artery walls are strong and thick compared to the size of the LUMEN (hole).

They contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back.

19
Q

What is the function of capillaries and describe the qualities that they have

A
  1. Arteries branch into capillaries.
  2. Capillaries are really small tiny and carry blood to every cell to EXCHANGE SUBSTANCES with them.
  3. They have PERMEABLE walles so substances can DIFFUSE in and out
  4. They supply FOOD and OXYGEN and take away WASTE like CO2
  5. Walls are generally ONE CELL THICK - this increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.
20
Q

What is the function of veins and what are their qualities

A
  1. CAPILLARIES eventually join up to form VEINS
  2. The blood is at lower pressure in the veins so the walls don’t need to be as thick as ARETRY walls.
  3. They have a bigger LUMEN (hole) to help blood flow despite the lower pressure
  4. They also have VALVES to help keep the blood flowing in the RIGHT DIRECTION.
21
Q

Is blood a tissue?

A

Yes

22
Q

What do red blood cells do and what are their qualities?

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body.

They don’t have a nucleus and contain a red pigment called HAEMOGLOBIN

In the lungs the HAEMOGLOBIN combines with OXYGEN a dn becomes OXYHAEMOGLOBIN.

When they enter other issue the OXYHAEMOGLOBIN splits into HAEMOGLOBIN and OXYGEN that releases oxygen into the cells.

23
Q

What do white blood cells defend against disease?

A

They can change shape to gobble up unwelcome MICROORGANISISMS.

They produce ANTIBODIES to fight microoganisms as well as ANTITOXINS to neutralise any TOXINs prodcued by the MICROORGANISMS.

Unlike the red blood cells they DO have a NUCLEUS

24
Q

What helps to clot blood?

A

PLATELETS

25
Q

How do PLATELETS help blood to clot?

A

PLATELETS are small fragments of cells - they have no NUCLEUS

They help blood to clot at a wound to stop the blood pouring out.

A lack of PLATELETS can cause excessive bleeding and bruising

26
Q

What is PLASMA?

A

Plasma is in the blood and is pale straw coloured liquid which carries just about everything. It carries:

Red and white blood cells and PLATELETS.

Nutrients like GLUCOSE and AMINO ACIDS
CO2 from the ORGANS back to the LUNGS
UREA from the liver to the KIDNEYS
HORMONES
ANTIBODIES and ANTITOXINS
27
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

If someone loses a lot of their blood medical people can give the person saline which is added to their blood.

Saline is a salt solution which when added to the blood will increase the volume.

They may give the patient enough time to produce new red blood cells or for them to get a blood transfusion.

28
Q

What are the advantages of artificial hearts?

A
  1. They’re less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system as they are not living tissue.
  2. They offer a solution that may keep a patient alive whilst he is waiting for a donor heart
29
Q

What are the disadvantages of articial hearts

A
  1. They can wear out.

2. They are not as good as natural hearts.

30
Q

What is conary heart disease

A

This is when the arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by fatty deposits and this causes a heart attack.

31
Q

What are stents

A

Stents are tubes that are inserted in arteries and they keep the arteries open making sure blood can pass through them

Biology Unit 3 (1 decks)

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