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biopsych > the brain & nervous system > Flashcards

the brain & nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

anterior vs posterior

A

anterior = towards the nose end

posterior = towards the tail-end

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2
Q

dorsal vs ventral

A

dorsal = upper parts of the brain

ventral = lower parts of the brain

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3
Q

medial vs lateral

A

medial = center of the body

lateral = away from center

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4
Q

ipsilateral vs contralateral

A

ipsilateral = same side of the brain

contralateral = opposite side of the brain

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5
Q

superior vs inferior

A

superior = direction towards the top of the brain

inferior = direction towards the bottom of the brain

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6
Q

what is the cerebrum (forebrain)

A
  • largest structure of the brain
  • consists of the telencephalon
  • contains the cerebral cortex and several subcortical structures
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7
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer of the brain
- has 2 nearly symmetrical sides (L&R H)
- has many convolutions which consists of sulci, fissure and gyri
- each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal & occipital

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8
Q

what is a sulcus (sulci)

A

a groove (inward) in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere (smaller than fissures)

lateral sulcus creates a boundary between frontal & temporal lobes
central sulcus creates a boundary between frontal & parietal lobes

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9
Q

what is a fissure

A

a major groove in the surface of the brain

central and lateral fissures divide each hemisphere into the lobes

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10
Q

what is a gyrus (gyri)

A

a convolution (bump) of the cortex of the cerebral hemisphere

separated by sulci or fissures

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11
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • responsible for voluntary movement, expressive language & higher executive functions
  • contains the prefrontal cortex & premotor cortex
  • damage = personality changes, difficulty concentrating/planning & impulsivity
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12
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • processes sensory info and responsible for sensory perception
  • contains the somatosensory cortex
  • damage = right-left confusion, difficulty with writing & math, inability to perceive objects normally
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13
Q

occipital lobes

A
  • responsible for visual perception including color, form & motion
  • contains the visual association cortex
  • damage = difficulty locating objects & identifying colors
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14
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • responsible for processing auditory info & encoding of memory
  • contains auditory & visual association cortex
  • damage = difficulty with identification of objects, learning & retaining info and impaired memory
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15
Q

cerebral commisures

A

connect the 2 hemisphere
corpus callosum, anterior commissure & posterior commissure

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16
Q

what is the limbic system

A

a collection of different brain structures associated with emotion, motivation, behavior & memory

includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, hippocampus & cingulate gyrus

17
Q

what is the basal ganglia

A

a subcortical region associated with planning & directing movement

18
Q

what are the 5 divisions of the brain

A
  • telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) - forebrain/cerebrum
  • diencephalon - forebrain/brainstem
  • mesencephalon (midbrain) - brainstem
  • metencephalon - hindbrain/brainstem (except cerebellum)
  • myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) - hindbrain/brainstem
19
Q

telencephalon

A

the cerebral hemispheres
- largest division
- initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input & mediates complex cog processes

20
Q

diencephalon

A

composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus & contains pituitary gland & optic chiasm

thalamus: a large, 2 lobed structure at the top of the brain stem
- contains sensory relay nuclei which receive signals from sensory receptors, processes them & send to appropriate area

hypothalamus: located just below thalamus
- imp for the regulation of several motivated behaviors

21
Q

mesencephalon

A

divided into the tectum and tegmentum

tectum: composed of 2 pairs of bumps - the inferior colliculi (auditory) & the superior colliculi (visual-motor)

tegmentum: the division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum

22
Q

metencephalon

A

contains the pons, cerebellum & reticular formation

pons: connects hindbrain with rest of the brain stem - responsible for sleep and arousal

cerebellum: an important sensorimotor structure = movement, balance & coordination

23
Q

myelencephalon

A

most posterior division
composed of tracts carrying signals between the brain & body

reticular formation = a network of tiny nuclei that occupies the core of the brain stem and are involved in a variety of functions

24
Q

central nervous system

A
  • consists of brain & spinal cord (SC)
  • communicates with the body through nerves attached to brain & SC
  • contains neurons & glial cells
25
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-consists of nerves and most sensory organs
- divided into somatic and autonomic NS

26
Q

sensory vs motor vs inter neurons

A

sensory (afferent) = gather sensory info from the environment & sends to brain

motor (efferent) = contract muscles to cause movement - info from brain to muscles

interneurons = located between sensory & motor neuron in the CNS

27
Q

somatic NS

A

regulates conscious processes/voluntary control of the body
the body’s interaction w the environment

28
Q

autonomic NS

A

regulates unconscious processes (e.g. heart rate & digestions)
regulates homeostasis
divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

29
Q

sympathetic NS

A

stimulates arousal & mobilizes energy - fight or flight

30
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

inhibits arousal, stimulates relaxation & conserves energy

31
Q

afferent vs efferent neurons

A

afferent = carry things to a central point

efferent = carry things away from a certain point

32
Q

what are neurons

A

specialized cells that receive/process info & sends it to other cells

differ in structure depending on specialized function but there are 4 common structures: cell body, dendrites, axon & terminal buttons

33
Q

dendrites

A

the branches of the neuron
- receive neural messages that are transmitted through the synapse

34
Q

axon

A

the long slender tube often covered by a myelin sheath
- outer surface carries info from the cell body to the terminal buttons

35
Q

terminal buttons / axon terminal

A

the little knobs at the ends of the axon branches
- secrete NTs when the AP reaches it

biopsych (6 decks)

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