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Psychology - Y10 + Y11 > The Brain and Neuropsychology > Flashcards

The Brain and Neuropsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Complex network of nerve fibres and nerve cells which pass info around the body.
Complicated, divided into 2 sectors

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2
Q

What 2 sections is the nervous system divided into?

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous Sytem (PNS)
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3
Q

What is the CNS divded into?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
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4
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A
  • Somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system = 2 parts
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5
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic
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6
Q

Stimulus

A

smth thats detected by sense receptors, which nervous system will react to

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7
Q

sensory information

A

info picked up by sense organs of body and passed onto the CNS

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8
Q

What is the SNS?

A
  • made of nerve fibres and neurones that carry msges from sense receptor to our brain
  • and back to motor neurones
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9
Q

Whats the ANS?

A
  • deals with automatic functions like breathing
  • out feelings and the way we react in threat situations
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10
Q

Order of stimulus to response

A

sense organs eg eyes –> stimulus
sensory receptors –> sensory neurones
CNS –> spinal cord –> motor neurons –> response

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11
Q

What is the sympathetic division of ANS?

A
  • activated when we feel “under threat”
  • prepares body for a state of psychological arousal during “fight or flight”
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12
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of ANS?

A
  • produces oppeffect of sympathetic system
  • allows body return to normal resting state after threat has passed
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13
Q

What happens during a fight or flight response?

A
  1. hypothalamus detects threat
  2. respons by instructing sympathetic or parasympathetic NS (ANS) to act
  3. ANS switches from paras. to sym. activity and releases stress hormone adrenaline into blood
  4. Causes more deep breathing, heart rate increases, pupil dilate, digestive system changes to aid instant energy absorption - all so that its efficient
  5. Once threat goes away, ANS switches back to parasym. division – relaxation, back to normal
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14
Q

What is James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

physical changes come first when we experience an event and then comes the emotion linked to it

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15
Q

Strengths of James Lange theory

A
  • did promote a great deal of research and recognised the importance of the ANS in emotional experiences
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16
Q

3 types of neurons

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • relay
17
Q

synapse

A

gap between neurons

18
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals passed between synpase

19
Q

describe structure of sensory neuron

A
  • long dendrites
  • short axons
  • cell middle in middle
  • carry info from sensory receptors/ organs to CNS
20
Q

describe structure of motor neuron

A
  • stimulate muscle movement
  • carry msgs from brain to muscles
  • begin in spinal cord, axon leads to muscles where dendrites connect with muscles
21
Q

describe structure of relay neuron

A
  • surrounded by dendrites
  • make millions of connections between other 2 types of neurons
  • pass msgs between neurons on the CNS
22
Q

excitation

A

when a neurotransmitter binds with a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron and** increases its chance of firing an electrical impulse**

23
Q

inhibition

A

when a neurotransmitter binds with a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron and** decreases its chance of firing an electrical impulse**

24
Q

Process of synaptic transmission

A
  1. vesiscles release neurotransmitters
  2. released into synaptic gap
  3. some picked up by receptor
  4. some diffuses
  5. some go through reuptake - back to original presynaptic neuron
25
Q

vesicles

A

sack that holds and releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap/cleft

26
Q

synaptic gap/cleft

A

gap between pre and post snaptic neurons

27
Q

What is Hebbs learning theory of neuronal growth

A
  • brain is “plastic”
  • when we learn, new connections between neurons created
  • more we learn, stronger the synaptic connection for that learning/skill will become
28
Q

cell assemblies

A
  • groups of neurons that fire together
  • more they fire, the more the synaptic connections grow and strengthen
29
Q

neuronal growth

A
  • occurs as the cell assemblies rewire to assist new learning
30
Q

What did Hebb suggest?

A
  • if a neuron repeatedly excites another neuron, neural growth occured
  • means that when certain neurons react enough, they become connected and form neural pathways
  • Hebb referred to these combo of neurons as “cell assmeblies”
  • Therefore, whenever we learn new things, we’re developing stronger cell assemblies, and the more we practice, the more we remember the info in that neural pathway which creates neural growth
31
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • includes brocas area (speech production + language development)
  • controls cognitive behaviour - memory, thought, problem-solving, planning
  • controls movement - left hemisphere controls right side of body
  • If a hemisphere is damaged, it can affect movement
31
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Wernicke’s area - for language comprehension and production of language, and hearing
  • Damage = partial or complete hearing loss
  • Damage to Wernicke’s area = Wernicke’s aphasia = difficultly in understanding speech
32
Q

Parts of the brain (lobes)

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • cerebellum
33
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • visual area (colour,shape, distance) - visual info processed here, com. with eyes (also controlled by opp hemispheres)
  • damage = right hemis. = blindness to left eye
34
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • somatosensory - responsible for integrating info. from other areas of brain to form complex behaviours (vision, touch, body)
  • if damaged, wont feel pain or change in temperature
  • language - words and throughts form
35
Q

cerebellum

A
  • balance and coordination

Psychology - Y10 + Y11 (7 decks)

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