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Biological Psychology > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Casual explanation ?

A

Link between biology and psychology - how things work

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2
Q

What does TMS stand for ?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - cause and effect

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3
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the nerves system?

A
  1. Central Nerves System

2. Peripheral Nerves System

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4
Q

What does the CNS contain ?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord - located in skull and spine

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5
Q

Within the PNS what are the 2 main nerves systems?

A
  1. Somatic Nerves System

2. Autonomic Nerves System

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6
Q

Whats the difference between the Somatic and Autonomic Nerves System ?

A

Somatic - external environment - enters the body

Autonomic - internal environment - internal organs

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7
Q

Within the Somatic nerves system, what 2 types of nerves are there ?

A

Efferent - motor signals from CNS to muscles

Afferent - sensory signals from environment to CNS

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8
Q

Within the autonomic NS, there are both efferent and afferent. What are the 2 types of afferent nerves ?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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9
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic nerves system ?

A
  • connect neurons far away from the organs
  • energise them in threating situations
  • psychological arousal
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10
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic nerves system?

A
  • connect neurons close to target organs
  • conserve energy
  • psychological relaxation
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11
Q

Each autonomic organ recives opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic input. Controlled by regulating the activity levels of these.
TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What does the cranial nerve involve?

A
  • 12 pairs from the brain
  • purely sensory nerves but can contain both sensory and motor fibres
  • longest are the vagus nerves
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13
Q

Roughly how long can neurones be in the body?

A
  • about 1 meter long
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14
Q

How many protective membranes are there protecting organs?

A
  • 3 meniges

- dura mater, arachnid membrane and pia mater

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15
Q

What is the subarachnoid space ?

A
  • below the dura mater

- contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid contain ?

A
  • supports and cushions the brain
  • produces by CHORID PLEXUSES (network of capillaries)
  • excess fluid goes to a vein within the neck
  • the flow can be blocked by a tumor - causes hydrocephalus
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17
Q

What is a blood brain barrier ?

A
  • stops certain molecules from entering the brain via the bloodstream
  • cerebral blood vessels - tightly packed
  • therapeutic and recreational drugs though this
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18
Q

What are the main purpose of neurons?

A
  • fundamental units of the NS
  • cells which are specialised
  • reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals
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19
Q

What does a typical neuron look like ?

A

SEE NOTES

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20
Q

What does the cell membrane do ?

A
  • only allows certain molecules in

- made up of fat that is embedded in protein molecules. Either channel (certain molecules) or signal (inside the neuron)

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21
Q

What does the…
- Cell Body (soma)
- Dendrites
do?

A 
CELL BODY (SOMA)
- metabolic centre 
- contain nucleus (DNA)
DENDRITES 
- info from synaptic contacts - other nerurons
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22
Q

What does the…
- Axon
- Axon Hillock
do?

A

AXON
- away from the body of the cell - can be long or short
AXON HILLOCK
- junction where cell body and axon meet
- conveyance of electrical signals

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23
Q

What does the…
- Myelin Sheath
- Nodes of Ranvier
do?

A 
MYELIN SHEATH/ MYELIN 
- insulates axon 
- assists in the conduction of signals 
NODES OF RANVIER 
- gaps between sections of myelin
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24
Q

What does the…
- Terminal Buttons
- Synapse
do?

A 
TERMINAL BUTTONS 
- release chemicals 
- communicate with other cells 
SYNAPSE 
- point of communication, gap
25
Q

Whats the difference between MULTIPOLAR, UNIPOLAR and BIPOLAR neuron?

A 
MULTIPOLAR = 2 or more process from the cell body 
UNIPOLAR = 1 process from the cell body 
BIPOLAR = 2 process from the cell body
26
Q

What are the 9 parts inside a neuron ?

ER, C, R, GC, N, M, MT, SV and Neuro

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum - folded membranes, helps proteins
Cytoplasm - fluid
Ribosomes - protein synethis
Golgi Complex - system of membranes
Nucleus - DNA
Mitochondria - aerobic
Microtubes - transport of molecules
Synaptic Ventricles - store neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter - released across synapses

27
Q

Within both the CNS and the PNS, what are the cells of bodies called ?

A

CNS - nuclei

PNS - ganglia

28
Q

Within both the CNS and the PNS, what are bundles of axons called?

A

CNS - tracts

PNS - nerves

29
Q

What are the 4 main types of Glia cells?

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Schwann cells
  3. Microglia
  4. Astrocytes
30
Q

What do the Oligodendrocytes involve ?

A
  • in the CNS
  • wrap around axons
  • extensions - got myelin (fatty substance) and myelin sheaths (help conduction of energy)
31
Q

What do the Schwann Cells involve ?

A
  • in the PNS
  • similar to Oligodendrocytes
  • only have one myelin segment
  • guide axonal regeneration after damage
32
Q

Microglia involve…. what ?

A
  • small
  • respond to injury and diseases
  • multiplying and engulfing the debris or the cells
33
Q

The Astrocytes involve…..

A
  • largest, star shaped
  • some - cover blood vessels - make contact
  • these - some chemicals into the CNS via the blood others are blocked
  • relax or constrict blood vessels
34
Q

What are the 3 main neuroanatomical techniques ?

A

Golgi stain - stain meninges - black neurons
Nissal stain - bind to the structure of cell bodies
Electron Microscopy - slices of neuron tissue

35
Q

Anterior vs Posterior

A

A = towards nose end. P = towards tail end

36
Q

Dorsal vs Ventral

A

D= back/top. V= towards chest

37
Q

Medial vs Lateral

A

M= towards midline. L = away

38
Q

Superior vs Inferior

A

S = top. I = bottom

39
Q

Proximal vs Distal

A

P= close . D= far

40
Q

What are the 3 planes and there cuts ?

A

Horizontal, Sagittal and Frontal
Midsagittal - cut down centre
Cross Section - right angle

41
Q

What is grey matter within the spinal cord ?

A
  • largely cell bodies
  • unmyelinated interneurons
  • 2 dorsal arms: dosal horns and ventral horns
  • white matter is the opposite
42
Q

The axons are attached to the spinal cord via 2 roots. What are these roots ?

A

Dorsal - unipolar, sensory, dorsal root ganglia

Ventral - motor, multipolar

43
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the brain and what is in each section ?

A 
Forebrain = Telencephalon, Diencephalon 
Midbrain = Mesencephalon 
Hindbrain = Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
44
Q

What does the Myelencephalon involve ?

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • composed - efferent and afferent
  • tracts - signals - brain and body
  • function - keep balance
  • involved in - sleep, attention, muscle tone, cardiac function and respiration
  • reticular formation
45
Q

What is the reticular formation ?

A

complex network of nuclei, central core system, network like appearance

46
Q

What does the Metencephalon involve ?

A
  • many efferent and afferent neural tracts

- 2 major divisons: cerebellum and pons

47
Q

Whats the difference between the cerebellum and pons ?

A

CERBELLUM (little bridge): sensorimotor structure, sensory info and movement, damage - eliminates the ability to control movements.
PONS (bridge): swelling in the brain stem, postural relaxes

48
Q

What does the Mesencephalon involve ?

A

Tetcum: - roof
- consist: colliculi (little hills)
- superior - visual. Inferior - auditory
Tegentum: - below (inferior) to tetcum
- red nucleus and substantia nigra (sensorimotor)
- periaqueductal grey (pain relief function)

49
Q

What are the 4 main sections of the Diencephalon ?

A
  • one either of 3rd ventricle - by massa intermedia
    1. Thalamus
    2. Hypothalamus
    3. Optic Chiasm - optic nerves, x shapes, decussate
    4. Mammillary Bodies - spectral nuclei
50
Q

Whats the difference between Thalamus and Hypothalamus ?

A 
THALAMUS: 
- at the top 
- different nuclei - protects cortex - links to it 
- SENSORY RELAY NUCELI (signals from sensory receptors transmit to sensory cortex) 
HYPOTHALMUS 
- below 
- pituitary gland - releases hormones 
- key roles in endocrine
51
Q

What does the Telencephalon involved ?

A
  • largest and newest
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • movements, psychological processes (thoughts, emotions), sensory world
  • makes us humans
52
Q

What is the telencephalon characterised by ?

A
  • cerebral cortex = layer of tissue, small unmyelinated neurons
  • convolutions: gyri (peaks), fissures (deep valleys), sulci (small valleys)
  • have these due to evolutions and brain development
53
Q

There are 2 main hemispheres within the brain and what are the 4 lobes ?

A
  • connected by commissures (large tracts)
  • largest is the corpus callous
    1. FRONTAL
    2. PARIETAL
    3. TEMPORAL
    4. OCCIPTAL
54
Q

Whats the difference between the Frontal and Parietal Lobe ?

A

FRONTAL
- precentral gyros and adjacent frontal cortex (motor)
- frontal cortex anterior (complex cognitive function)
- superior to lateral fissure and anterior to central fissure
PARIETAL
- postcentral gyros (sensations), posterier (direct attention)
- posterior to central fissure

55
Q

Whats the difference between the Temporal and Occipital lobe ?

A 
TEMPORAL 
- superior gyros (hearing and language) 
- inferior cortex (visual patterns) 
- media cortex (certain kinds of memory) 
- inferior to lateral fissure 
OCCIPITAL 
- vision 
- posterior to temporal and pariteal
56
Q

What does the Neocortex involve ?

A
  • 6 layered cortex
    3 important characteristics
    1. many cortail (pyramidal - multipolar - apical dendrite - small)
    2. size and density of cell bodies and proportions
    3. many long axons and dentries course vertically
57
Q

What does the Limbic system involve ?

A
  • circuit midline structure - thalamus
  • regulation of motivated behaviour
  • amygdala: almod shaped nucleus, emotion
  • hippocampus
  • cingulate cortex: large strip in cingulate gyrus
  • fonix: major tract - encircles dorsal
58
Q

What does the basal ganglia involve ?

A
  • amygdala - out of each - caudate - complete circuit - connect fibre bridges in putamen - striatum
  • voluntary motor response and decision making - Parkinson disease
  • Nucleus acumenus - rewarding effect of addictive drugs and other reinforces

Biological Psychology (1 decks)

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