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Biological Psychology > The Brain > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Casual explanation ?

A

Link between biology and psychology - how things work

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2
Q

What does TMS stand for ?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - cause and effect

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3
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the nerves system?

A
  1. Central Nerves System

2. Peripheral Nerves System

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4
Q

What does the CNS contain ?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord - located in skull and spine

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5
Q

Within the PNS what are the 2 main nerves systems?

A
  1. Somatic Nerves System

2. Autonomic Nerves System

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6
Q

Whats the difference between the Somatic and Autonomic Nerves System ?

A

Somatic - external environment - enters the body

Autonomic - internal environment - internal organs

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7
Q

Within the Somatic nerves system, what 2 types of nerves are there ?

A

Efferent - motor signals from CNS to muscles

Afferent - sensory signals from environment to CNS

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8
Q

Within the autonomic NS, there are both efferent and afferent. What are the 2 types of afferent nerves ?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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9
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic nerves system ?

A
  • connect neurons far away from the organs
  • energise them in threating situations
  • psychological arousal
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10
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic nerves system?

A
  • connect neurons close to target organs
  • conserve energy
  • psychological relaxation
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11
Q

Each autonomic organ recives opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic input. Controlled by regulating the activity levels of these.
TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What does the cranial nerve involve?

A
  • 12 pairs from the brain
  • purely sensory nerves but can contain both sensory and motor fibres
  • longest are the vagus nerves
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13
Q

Roughly how long can neurones be in the body?

A
  • about 1 meter long
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14
Q

How many protective membranes are there protecting organs?

A
  • 3 meniges

- dura mater, arachnid membrane and pia mater

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15
Q

What is the subarachnoid space ?

A
  • below the dura mater

- contains blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid contain ?

A
  • supports and cushions the brain
  • produces by CHORID PLEXUSES (network of capillaries)
  • excess fluid goes to a vein within the neck
  • the flow can be blocked by a tumor - causes hydrocephalus
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17
Q

What is a blood brain barrier ?

A
  • stops certain molecules from entering the brain via the bloodstream
  • cerebral blood vessels - tightly packed
  • therapeutic and recreational drugs though this
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18
Q

What are the main purpose of neurons?

A
  • fundamental units of the NS
  • cells which are specialised
  • reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals
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19
Q

What does a typical neuron look like ?

A

SEE NOTES

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20
Q

What does the cell membrane do ?

A
  • only allows certain molecules in

- made up of fat that is embedded in protein molecules. Either channel (certain molecules) or signal (inside the neuron)

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21
Q

What does the…
- Cell Body (soma)
- Dendrites
do?

A 
CELL BODY (SOMA)
- metabolic centre 
- contain nucleus (DNA)
DENDRITES 
- info from synaptic contacts - other nerurons
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22
Q

What does the…
- Axon
- Axon Hillock
do?

A

AXON
- away from the body of the cell - can be long or short
AXON HILLOCK
- junction where cell body and axon meet
- conveyance of electrical signals

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23
Q

What does the…
- Myelin Sheath
- Nodes of Ranvier
do?

A 
MYELIN SHEATH/ MYELIN 
- insulates axon 
- assists in the conduction of signals 
NODES OF RANVIER 
- gaps between sections of myelin
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24
Q

What does the…
- Terminal Buttons
- Synapse
do?

A 
TERMINAL BUTTONS 
- release chemicals 
- communicate with other cells 
SYNAPSE 
- point of communication, gap
25
Whats the difference between MULTIPOLAR, UNIPOLAR and BIPOLAR neuron?
``` MULTIPOLAR = 2 or more process from the cell body UNIPOLAR = 1 process from the cell body BIPOLAR = 2 process from the cell body ```
26
What are the 9 parts inside a neuron ? | ER, C, R, GC, N, M, MT, SV and Neuro
Endoplasmic Reticulum - folded membranes, helps proteins Cytoplasm - fluid Ribosomes - protein synethis Golgi Complex - system of membranes Nucleus - DNA Mitochondria - aerobic Microtubes - transport of molecules Synaptic Ventricles - store neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter - released across synapses
27
Within both the CNS and the PNS, what are the cells of bodies called ?
CNS - nuclei | PNS - ganglia
28
Within both the CNS and the PNS, what are bundles of axons called?
CNS - tracts | PNS - nerves
29
What are the 4 main types of Glia cells?
1. Oligodendrocytes 2. Schwann cells 3. Microglia 4. Astrocytes
30
What do the Oligodendrocytes involve ?
- in the CNS - wrap around axons - extensions - got myelin (fatty substance) and myelin sheaths (help conduction of energy)
31
What do the Schwann Cells involve ?
- in the PNS - similar to Oligodendrocytes - only have one myelin segment - guide axonal regeneration after damage
32
Microglia involve.... what ?
- small - respond to injury and diseases - multiplying and engulfing the debris or the cells
33
The Astrocytes involve.....
- largest, star shaped - some - cover blood vessels - make contact - these - some chemicals into the CNS via the blood others are blocked - relax or constrict blood vessels
34
What are the 3 main neuroanatomical techniques ?
Golgi stain - stain meninges - black neurons Nissal stain - bind to the structure of cell bodies Electron Microscopy - slices of neuron tissue
35
Anterior vs Posterior
A = towards nose end. P = towards tail end
36
Dorsal vs Ventral
D= back/top. V= towards chest
37
Medial vs Lateral
M= towards midline. L = away
38
Superior vs Inferior
S = top. I = bottom
39
Proximal vs Distal
P= close . D= far
40
What are the 3 planes and there cuts ?
Horizontal, Sagittal and Frontal Midsagittal - cut down centre Cross Section - right angle
41
What is grey matter within the spinal cord ?
- largely cell bodies - unmyelinated interneurons - 2 dorsal arms: dosal horns and ventral horns - white matter is the opposite
42
The axons are attached to the spinal cord via 2 roots. What are these roots ?
Dorsal - unipolar, sensory, dorsal root ganglia | Ventral - motor, multipolar
43
What are the 3 main parts of the brain and what is in each section ?
``` Forebrain = Telencephalon, Diencephalon Midbrain = Mesencephalon Hindbrain = Metencephalon, Myelencephalon ```
44
What does the Myelencephalon involve ?
- medulla oblongata - composed - efferent and afferent - tracts - signals - brain and body - function - keep balance - involved in - sleep, attention, muscle tone, cardiac function and respiration - reticular formation
45
What is the reticular formation ?
complex network of nuclei, central core system, network like appearance
46
What does the Metencephalon involve ?
- many efferent and afferent neural tracts | - 2 major divisons: cerebellum and pons
47
Whats the difference between the cerebellum and pons ?
CERBELLUM (little bridge): sensorimotor structure, sensory info and movement, damage - eliminates the ability to control movements. PONS (bridge): swelling in the brain stem, postural relaxes
48
What does the Mesencephalon involve ?
Tetcum: - roof - consist: colliculi (little hills) - superior - visual. Inferior - auditory Tegentum: - below (inferior) to tetcum - red nucleus and substantia nigra (sensorimotor) - periaqueductal grey (pain relief function)
49
What are the 4 main sections of the Diencephalon ?
- one either of 3rd ventricle - by massa intermedia 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Optic Chiasm - optic nerves, x shapes, decussate 4. Mammillary Bodies - spectral nuclei
50
Whats the difference between Thalamus and Hypothalamus ?
``` THALAMUS: - at the top - different nuclei - protects cortex - links to it - SENSORY RELAY NUCELI (signals from sensory receptors transmit to sensory cortex) HYPOTHALMUS - below - pituitary gland - releases hormones - key roles in endocrine ```
51
What does the Telencephalon involved ?
- largest and newest - cerebral hemispheres - movements, psychological processes (thoughts, emotions), sensory world - makes us humans
52
What is the telencephalon characterised by ?
- cerebral cortex = layer of tissue, small unmyelinated neurons - convolutions: gyri (peaks), fissures (deep valleys), sulci (small valleys) - have these due to evolutions and brain development
53
There are 2 main hemispheres within the brain and what are the 4 lobes ?
- connected by commissures (large tracts) - largest is the corpus callous 1. FRONTAL 2. PARIETAL 3. TEMPORAL 4. OCCIPTAL
54
Whats the difference between the Frontal and Parietal Lobe ?
FRONTAL - precentral gyros and adjacent frontal cortex (motor) - frontal cortex anterior (complex cognitive function) - superior to lateral fissure and anterior to central fissure PARIETAL - postcentral gyros (sensations), posterier (direct attention) - posterior to central fissure
55
Whats the difference between the Temporal and Occipital lobe ?
``` TEMPORAL - superior gyros (hearing and language) - inferior cortex (visual patterns) - media cortex (certain kinds of memory) - inferior to lateral fissure OCCIPITAL - vision - posterior to temporal and pariteal ```
56
What does the Neocortex involve ?
- 6 layered cortex 3 important characteristics 1. many cortail (pyramidal - multipolar - apical dendrite - small) 2. size and density of cell bodies and proportions 3. many long axons and dentries course vertically
57
What does the Limbic system involve ?
- circuit midline structure - thalamus - regulation of motivated behaviour - amygdala: almod shaped nucleus, emotion - hippocampus - cingulate cortex: large strip in cingulate gyrus - fonix: major tract - encircles dorsal
58
What does the basal ganglia involve ?
- amygdala - out of each - caudate - complete circuit - connect fibre bridges in putamen - striatum - voluntary motor response and decision making - Parkinson disease - Nucleus acumenus - rewarding effect of addictive drugs and other reinforces

Biological Psychology (1 decks)

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