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Psychology AOS 2 > The brain > Flashcards

The brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

individual nerve cell that receives, processes, and/or transmits information to other cells

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2
Q

dendrites

A

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialised to receive information

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3
Q

axon

A

a single, tubelike, extension that transmits neural information away from the soma to the axon terminals

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4
Q

myelin sheath

A

a white, fatty substance that coats and helps insulate the axon from the activity of other nearby axons, so the message is fast and uninterrupted

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5
Q

axon terminal

A

The endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored and sent to the next neuron

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6
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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8
Q

role of the nervous system

A

receive and process info, and coordinate a response to it

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9
Q

central nervous system

A

process information received from our internal and external environment and to activate appropriate responses

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10
Q

divisions of the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

carries info to the CNS from the body, and from the CNS to the body

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12
Q

brain

A

controls everything we think, feel and do

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13
Q

spinal cord

A

receive sensory info from body and sends to brain, receives motor info from brain and sends to body

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14
Q

divisions of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic

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15
Q

Somatic NS

A

detects sensory info and carries to CNS, and controls voluntary motor movement

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16
Q

Autonomic NS

A

That controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs, like the heart, largely automatic

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17
Q

Divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

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18
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Activates internal muscles, glands and organs to prepare the body to deal with vigorous activity or a stressful/threatening situation

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19
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

maintains the internal body environment in a balanced state of normal functioning - ‘homeostasis’

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20
Q

Enteric NS

A

Controls the gastrointestinal system

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21
Q

3 main areas of the brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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22
Q

3 structures of the hindbrain

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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23
Q

medulla

A

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing (hindbrain)

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24
Q

pons

A

involved in sleep, dreaming and arousal from sleep (hindbrain)

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25
Q

cerebellum

A

Balance and coordination (hindbrain)

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26
Q

midbrain

A

connects the lower and upper structures of the brain, helps orient us

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27
Q

reticular formation

A

helps screen incoming information so as not to overload the brain, helps regulates arousal and muscle tone

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28
Q

3 structures of the forebrain

A

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

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29
Q

cerebrum

A

The cerebrum is responsible for almost everything we consciously think, feel and do (forebrain)

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30
Q

hypothalamus

A

a vital role in maintaining homeostasis through regulating the release of hormones and behaviours associated with basic needs, e.g. hunger, thirst, sleep (forebrain)

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31
Q

thalamus

A

filters information from almost all the sense receptor sites (except the nose), then passes it to relevant areas of the brain for further processing (forebrain)

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32
Q

contralateral functioning

A

each hemisphere of the cortex receives information from and controls the opposite side of the body

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33
Q

hemispheric specialisation

A

the idea that one hemisphere has specialised functions or exerts greater control over a particular function

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34
Q

left hemispheric specialisation

A

verbal, analytical, logic, reasoning, planning

35
Q

right hemispheric specialisation

A

non verbal, spatial and visual thinking, recognising faces, appreciating art, creativity

36
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

37
Q

frontal lobe

A

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

38
Q

primary motor cortex

A

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement

39
Q

broca’s area

A

controls language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

40
Q

parietal lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch and sensation

41
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

the region of the parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

42
Q

temporal lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and understanding language

43
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

the region of the temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system

44
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; located in the left temporal lobe

45
Q

occipital lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

46
Q

primary visual cortex

A

the region of the occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system

47
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

formation of new synapses

48
Q

synaptic pruning

A

a process whereby the synaptic connections that are not used are lost

49
Q

sudden onset brain injury

A

occurs abruptly (blow to the head, car accident, etc.)

50
Q

insidious onset brain injury

A

gradually develops over time (tumour, Parkinson’s)

51
Q

acquired brain injury

A

Brain damage that occurs as a result of injury or physical trauma to the brain after birth

52
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

A type of ABI caused by a blow to the head, or by the head moving forwards and backwards rapidly

53
Q

frontal lobe biological changes

A

Motor activity and ordinary voluntary movements reduced, facial expressions tend to become blank

54
Q

frontal lobe psychological changes

A

tendency to not care about emotional things, lack of concern about past or present, verbal and physical aggressiveness, unable to plan activities

55
Q

frontal lobe social changes

A

Personality changes leading to socially unacceptable behaviour > can lead to a breakdown in friend and family relationships, loss of social support, unemployment, isolation

56
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

57
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

58
Q

brain plasticity

A

The capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function

59
Q

Rerouting

A

an undamaged neuron that has lost a connection with an active neuron may seek a new active neuron and connect with it instead

60
Q

sprouting

A

the growth of additional branches on axons or dendrites to enable new connections

61
Q

long term potentiation

A

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

62
Q

long term depression

A

the long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission

63
Q

ways to maximise brain function

A

mental stimulation, diet, exercise

64
Q

Mental stimulation

A

any activity that activates or enriches the mind

65
Q

Diet

A

A varied diet can support a healthy brain by enhancing synaptic transmission and cognitive function

66
Q

Exercise

A

physical activity can reduce age-related decline in the brain

67
Q

symptoms of a stroke

A

Face, Arms, Speech, Time (FAST)

68
Q

epilepsy

A

neurological disorder that causes sudden, intense bursts of brain activity, resulting in seizures

69
Q

typical symptoms of epilepsy

A

convulsions accompanied by shaking and thrashing movements, salivation, foaming at the mouth and loss of body functions.

70
Q

risks associated with epilepsy

A

seizures over 5 minutes, seizures can occur at dangerous times

71
Q

diagnosing epilepsy

A

an EEG can detect abnormal brain waves, MRI and CT scan can identify affected brain regions

72
Q

treatment of epilepsy

A

antiepileptic drugs, surgery to remove affected areas or vagus nerve stimulator if serious

73
Q

vagus nerve stimulator

A

device implanted under the skin that sends regular, mild electrical impulses to the brain to control seizures

74
Q

CTE

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

75
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A

a progressive, degenerative condition involving brain damage resulting from multiple episodes of head trauma

76
Q

typical victims of cte

A

contact sports stars, domestic violence victims, army personnel are more likely to be diagnosed

77
Q

CTE stage 1

A

headache, loss of attention and concentration, irritability

78
Q

CTE stage 2

A

rage, impulsivity, depression

79
Q

CTE stage 3

A

executive dysfunction, cognitive impairment

80
Q

CTE stage 4

A

dementia, word-finding difficulty, aggression

81
Q

CTE biological markers

A

a build up of tau proteins which prevents neurons from staying alive and functioning properly

82
Q

diagnosis of CTE

A

CTE cannot currently be conclusively detected while the person is alive, can only be diagnosed with autopsy after death

83
Q

treatment of CTE

A

no current cure, most treatment aims at improving behavioural and cognitive function, medication can help

84
Q

prevention of CTE

A

the simplest way to prevent CTE is to prevent trauma to the head

Psychology AOS 2 (1 decks)

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