the body wall

Question 1

boundaries of superior thoracic aperture

Answer 1

body of vertebra T1, superior/medial margin of rib 1 on each side, superior sternum (manubrium anteriorly)

Question 2

boundaries of inferior thoracic aperture

Answer 2

body of vertebra T12, inferior margins of inferior-most ribs, inferior sternum

Question 3

suspensory ligament

Answer 3

firmly attach mammary gland to the dermis of the overlying skin and the underlying deep fascia of the pectorals muscle

Question 4

lobules

Answer 4

where milk is produced, drain to lactiferous ducts that coverage on the nipple

deep to the areola, they expand to a lactiferous sinus, where milk collects

Question 5

breast in relation to pectoralis muscle

Answer 5

superficial

Question 6

hiatuses through the diaphragm

Answer 6

IVC - T8 (anterior)
esophagus - T10 (middle)
aorta - T12 (posterior

Question 7

what part of the rib articulates with the vertebral body?

Answer 7

head of the rib

Question 8

the transverse process belongs to the lower or upper vertebrae?

Answer 8

lower vertebrae

Question 9

three sites of articulation with ribs

Answer 9

superior costal facet, inferior costal facet, transverse costal facet

Question 10

superior costal facet

Answer 10

articulates with part of the head of its own rib

Question 11

inferior costal facet

Answer 11

articulates with part of the head of the rib below

Question 12

transverse costal process

Answer 12

at the end of the transverse process and articulates with the tubercle of its own rib

Question 13

true rib: what is it and how many?

Answer 13

costal cartilage articulates directly with the sternum. there are 7

Question 14

what organs are in the right upper quadrant?

Answer 14

liver and gallbladder

Question 15

what organs are in the left upper quadrant?

Answer 15

stomach and spleen

Question 16

what organs are in the left lower quadrant?

Answer 16

end of descending colon and sigmoid colon

Question 17

what organs are in the right lower quadrant?

Answer 17

cecum and appendix

Question 18

name of the nine regions of the abdomen

Answer 18

right/ left hypochondriac
right/ left lateral (lumbar)
right / left inguinal (groin)
epigastric, umbilical, pubic

Question 19

pain associated with the epigastric region

Answer 19

referred pain form the foregut

Question 20

pain associated with umbilical region

Answer 20

referred pain from the midgut

Question 21

pain associated with the pubic region

Answer 21

referred pain from the hindgut

Question 22

three flat muscles of the the anterolateral abdominal wall and what direction do the fibers go?

Answer 22

external oblique muscle - hands in pockets
internal oblique muscle - hand on chest
transverse abdominal muscle - runs horizontally

Question 23

two layers of the superficial fascia of the anterior lateral abdominal wall?

Answer 23

camper fascia (fatty layer) and scarpa fascia (membranous layer)

Question 24

rectus abdominis

Answer 24

flexes and stabilizes trunk

vertical muscles

Question 25

linea alba

Answer 25

separates the rectus abdomens | no nerves or blood vessels here

Question 26

tendinous inscriptions

Answer 26

create the 6-pack | attaches rectus abdominis to the inner surface of the rectus sheath

Question 27

the rectus sheath is formed by

Answer 27

fibers of the aponeuroses of the abdominal wall muscles that interlace

Question 28

where do the aponeurosis fibers pass above the arcuate line?

Answer 28

anterior and posterior to the rectus abdominis

Question 29

where do the aponeurosis fibers pass below the arcuate line?

Answer 29

all 3 pass anterior to the rectus abdominis

Question 30

three parts of the sternum

Answer 30

manubrium - broad/ superior body - longitudinally oriented xiphoid process - inferiorly positioned

Question 31

intercostal spaces are numbered according to the rib

Answer 31

above

Question 32

where do intercostal nerves lie

Answer 32

costal groove, along the inferior margin of the superior rib, pass in the plane between the inner two layers of the muscles

Question 33

three layers of muscle that connect the lower and upper ribs and what direction their fibers go

Answer 33

external intercostal - hands in pocket internal intercostal - hand on chest innermost intercostal - vertical

Question 34

myotome

Answer 34

all muscles innervated by a spinal nerve (motor)

Question 35

dermatome

Answer 35

all skin innervated by a spinal nerve (sensory)

Question 36

attachments of the diaphragm

Answer 36

``` xiphoid process of the sternum costal margin of the thoracic wall ends of ribs 11 and 12 vertebrae of the lumbar region posterior attachment - median arcuate ligament ```

Question 37

what does the diaphragm fill

Answer 37

the inferior thoracic aperture

Question 38

what nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 38

phrenic nerve (C 3,4,5)

Question 39

diaphragm activation

Answer 39

inspiration diaphragm lowers increases volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 40

diaphragm relaxation

Answer 40

expiration diaphragm higher decreases volume of thoracic cavity

Question 41

pump handle/ bucket handle

Answer 41

increases A-P and M-L diameter of thoracic cavity

Question 42

what is the inguinal ligament made of?

Answer 42

under-turned inferior margin of the external oblique aponeurosis

Question 43

the inguinal ligament forms a reticulum of the

Answer 43

hip joint

Question 44

the inguinal ligament extends between

Answer 44

anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium and the pubic tubercle

Question 45

entrance of the inguinal canal is called

Answer 45

deep inguinal ring (proximal opening)

Question 46

exit of the inguinal canal is called

Answer 46

superficial inguinal ring (distal opening)

Question 47

what happens to the inguinal canal with increased intra-abdominal pressure?

Answer 47

posterior wall of the canal pushes against the anterior wall to prevent herniation

Question 48

what is the inguinal (hasselbach's) triangle ?

Answer 48

small area of potential weakness in the abdominal wall that leaves the wall vulnerable to herniation

Question 49

what is the only thing reinforcing the inguinal triangle?

Answer 49

transversals fascia (posteriorly)

Question 50

what borders the inguinal triangle?

Answer 50

rectus abdominis, inguinal canal, and inferior epigastric vessels

Question 51

indirect hernia

Answer 51

intestines enter the canal via the def inguinal ring present at or shortly after birth enters the scrotum

Question 52

direct hernia

Answer 52

intestines pass through hasselbach's triangle, but seldom enter the scrotum acquired (could be to injury)