Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physio > The Body Fluids And Kidneys > Flashcards

The Body Fluids And Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

This compartment includes fluid in the synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular spaces, as well as the cerebrospinal fluid

A

transcellular fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

it is usually considered to be a specialized type of extracel lular fluid, although in some cases its composition may differ markedly from that of the plasma or interstitial f luid.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All the transcellular fluids together constitute about

A

1 to 2 liters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the intracellular fluid constitutes about 40 percent of the total body weight in an “average” person.

True or False

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the noncellular part of the blood; it exchanges substances continuously with the interstitial fluid through the pores of the capillary membranes.

A

Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the pores of the capillary membranes are highly permeable to all solutes in the extracellular fluid.

True or False

A

False. Except proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The two largest compartments of the extracellular fluid are the

A

interstitial fluid-three fourths

plasma, which makes up almost one fourth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The most important difference between these two compartments is

A

higher concentration of protein in the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cations and Anions in the ECF and ICF

A

ECF ANiONS - Cl, HCO3
ECF CATIONS- Na, Ca

ICF CATIONS- K,Mg
ICF ANIONS- PO4 and lther organic ions, Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

substance that has been used to measure total body water

A 
Radioactive water (tritium, 3H2O) 
or heavy water (deuterium, 2H2O)

antipyrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

several substances that disperse in the plasma and interstitial fluid but do not readily permeate the cell membrane.

A 
radioactive sodium, 
radioactive chloride, 
radioactive iothalamate, 
thiosulfate ion, and 
inulin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

distribution of fluid between intracellular and extracellular compartments, in contrast, is determined mainly by

A

osmotic effect of the smaller solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

water diffuses across the membrane toward the region of higher solute concentration
True or False

A

True

Where sodium goes, water follows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

corrected osmolar activities of plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular f luid
reason for these corrections

A

cations and anions exert interionic attraction, which can cause a slight decrease in the osmotic “activity” of the dissolved substance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

for each milliosmole concentration gradient of an impermeant solute, about ________ of osmotic pressure is exerted across the cell membrane.

A

19.3 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Solutions with an osmolarity the same as the cell are called

A

isosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

One can calculate both the changes in intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes and the types of therapy that should be instituted if the following basic principles are kept in mind:

A
  1. Water moves rapidly across cell membranes

2. Cell membranes are almost completely impermeable to many solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If a hypertonic solution is added to the extracellular f luid,

A

The net effect is an increase in extracellular volume
a decrease in intracellular volume, and
a rise in osmolarity in both compartments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Calculation of Fluid Shifts and Osmolarities After Infusion of Hypertonic Saline Solution

A

first step is to calculate the initial conditions, including the volume, concentration, and total millios moles in each compartment.

Next, we calculate the total milliosmoles added to the extracellular fluid in

we calculate the instantaneous effect of adding 2051 milliosmoles of sodium chloride to the extra cellular fluid

In the third step, we calculate the volumes and con centrations that would occur within a few minutes after osmotic equilibrium develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Because glucose in the solution is rapidly transported into the cells and metabolized, infusion of a 5 percent glucose solution reduces extracellular fluid osmolarity and therefore helps correct the increase in extracellular fluid osmolarity associated with dehydration.
True or False

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This osmoticmediated demyelin ation of neurons can be avoided by limiting the correction of chronic hyponatremia to

A

less than 10 to 12 mmol/L in 24 hours and

to less than 18 mmol/L in 48 hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CAUSES OF HYPERNATREMIA:

A

WATER LOSS

EXCESS SODIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Correction of hypernatremia can be achieved by

A

hypoosmotic sodium chloride or dextrose solutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T hree conditions are especially prone to cause intracel lular swelling:

A

1) hyponatremia
2) depression of the metabolic systems of the tissues
3) lack of adequate nutrition to the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inflammation does not increase cell membrane permea bility,
True or False

A

False.. increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

two general causes of extracellular edema:

A

1) abnormal leakage of f luid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the capillaries
2) failure of the lymphatics to return f luid from the interstitium back into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Failure to produce proteins

A
  1. Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis) 2. Serious protein or caloric malnutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Serious generalized edema occurs when the plasma protein concentration falls below

A

2.5g/100mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

three major safety factors prevent excessive fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces:

A

1) low compliance of the interstitium when interstitial fluid pressure is in the negative pressure range
2) the ability of lymph flow to increase 10 to 50fold
3) “washdown” of interstitial f luid protein concentration, which reduces interstitial f luid colloid osmotic pressure as capillary filtration increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CAUSES OF HYPONATREMIA:

A

EXCESS WATER OR LOSS OF SODIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

CAUSES OF HYPERNATREMIA:

A

WATER LOSS OR EXCESS SODIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Spacer” for the Cells and in Preventing Rapid Flow of Fluid in the Tissues

A

Proteoglycan Filaments

33
Q

Drain Protein from the Potential

Spaces.

A

Lymphatic Vessels

34
Q

Abnormalities of Micturition

Caused by Destruction of Sensory Nerve Fibers.

A

Atonic Bladder and Incontinence

35
Q

Automatic Bladder Caused by

A

Spinal Cord Damage Above the Sacral Region.

36
Q

Uninhibited Neurogenic Bladder Caused by

A

Lack of Inhibitory Signals from the Brain.

37
Q

Why Are Large Amounts of Solutes Filtered and

Then Reabsorbed by the Kidneys?

A

it allows the kidneys to rapidly remove waste products

it allows all the body luids to be iltered and processed by the kidneys many times each day.

his high GFR allows the kidneys to pre-
cisely and rapidly control the volume and composition of the body luids.

38
Q

GFR IS ABOUT 25 PERCENT OF RENAL PLASMA FLOW

True or False

A

False. 20%

39
Q

Filterability of Solutes Is Inversely Related to Their Size.
True or False

40
Q

Negatively Charged Large Molecules Are Filtered More Easily Than Positively Charged Molecules of Equal Molecular Size.
True or False

A

False. Less easily

41
Q

INCREASED BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
INCREASES GFR
True or False

A

False. Decreases

42
Q

INCREASED GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE DECREASES GFR
True or False

43
Q

INCREASED GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE INCREASES GFR
True or False

44
Q

BLOOD FLOW IN THE VASA RECTA OF THE RENAL MEDULLA IS VERY HIGH COMPARED WITH FLOW IN THE RENAL CORTEX
True or False

A

False. Low

45
Q

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Endothelin Con- strict Renal Blood Vessels and Decrease GFR
True or False

46
Q

Angiotensin II Preferentially Dilates Efferent Arterioles in Most Physiological Conditions.
True or False

A

False. Constricts

47
Q

Endothelial-Derived Nitric Oxide Decreases Renal Vascular Resistance and Decreases GFR.
True or False

A

False. Increases GFR

48
Q

Prostaglandins and Bradykinin Increases Renal Vas-
cular Resistance and Tend to Increase GFR.
True or False

A

False. Decreases

49
Q

Decreased Macula Densa Sodium Chloride Causes Dilation of Afferent Arterioles and Increased Renin Release.
True or False

50
Q

Blockade of Angiotensin II Formation Further Inreases GFR During Renal Hypoperfusion.
True or False

A

False. Reduces

51
Q

Other Factors That Increase Renal Blood Flow and GFR:

A

High Protein Intake and Increased Blood Glucose.

52
Q

TUBULAR REABSORPTION INCLUDES
PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MECHANISMS
True or False

53
Q

Solutes Cannot Be Transported Through Epithelial Cells or Between Cells
True or False

A

False. Can be transported

54
Q

Primary Active Transport Through the Tubular Mem-
brane Is Linked to Hydrolysis of ATP.
True or False

55
Q

An Active Transport Mechanism for Reabsorption of Proteins

A

Pinocytosis

56
Q

PASSIVE WATER REABSORPTION
BY OSMOSIS IS COUPLED MAINLY
TO

A

SODIUM REABSORPTION

57
Q

REABSORPTION OF CHLORIDE,
UREA, AND OTHER SOLUTES IS
BY

A

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

58
Q

Proximal Tubules Have a High Capacity for Active but not Passive Reabsorption.
True or False

A

False. Proximal Tubules Have a High Capacity for Active and Passive Reabsorption.

59
Q

Principal Cells Reabsorb K and Secrete Na.

True or False

A

False. Principal Cells Reabsorb Sodium and Secrete Potas-
sium.

60
Q

Intercalated Cells Secrete or Reabsorb Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Potassium Ions.
True or False

61
Q

Aldosterone Increases Sodium Reabsorption and Potassium Secretion.
True or False

62
Q

Angiotensin II Decreases Sodium and Water Reab-
sorption
True or False

A

False. Angiotensin II Increases Sodium and Water Reab-

sorption

63
Q

ADH Decreases Water Reabsorption

True or False

A

False. ADH Increases Water Reabsorption

64
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Decreases Sodium and Water Reabsorption
True or False

65
Q

Parathyroid Hormone Decreases Calcium Reabsorp-

tion

A

False. Parathyroid Hormone Increases Calcium Reabsorp-

tion

66
Q

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ACTIVATION INCREASES
SODIUM REABSORPTION
True or False

67
Q

CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE GFR

A

CREATININE CLEARANCE AND PLASMA CREATININE CONCENTRATION

INULIN CLEARANCE

68
Q

FILTRATION FRACTION IS CALCULATED FROM

A

GFR DIVIDED BY RPF

69
Q

Tubular Fluid Remains Isosmotic in the Proximal Tubule

True or False

70
Q

Tubular Fluid Is Concentrated in the Ascending Loop of Henle

A

False. Diluted

71
Q

Tubular Fluid in Proximal and Collecting Tubules Is Further Diluted in the Presence of ADH
True or False

A

False. Tubular Fluid in Distal and Collecting Tubules Is Further Diluted in the Absence of ADH

72
Q

KIDNEYS CONSERVE WATER BY

A

EXCRETING CONCENTRATED URINE

73
Q

REQUIREMENTS FOR EXCRETING

A CONCENTRATED URINE

A

HIGH
ADH LEVELS AND HYPEROSMOTIC
RENAL MEDULLA

74
Q

COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER MECHANISM PRODUCES ISOSMOTIC RENAL MEDULLARY INTERSTITIUM
True or False

A

False. Hyperosmotic

75
Q

UREA CONTRIBUTES TO HYPEROSMOTIC
RENAL MEDULLARY INTERSTITIUM AND
FORMATION OF CONCENTRATED URINE
True or False

76
Q

Reabsorption of Urea from the Collecting Duct to the Loop of Henle Contributes to Hyperosmotic Renal Medulla
True or False

A

False. Recirculation of Urea from the Collecting Duct to the Loop of Henle Contributes to Hyperosmotic Renal Medulla

77
Q

Increased Medullary Blood Flow Increases Urine- Concentrating Ability.

A

False. Reduces.

78
Q

Disorders of Urinary Concentrating Ability

A
  1. Inappropriate secretion of ADH.
  2. Impairment of the countercurrent mechanism.
  3. Inability of the distal tubule, collecting tubule, and
    collecting ducts to respond to ADH.
79
Q

Increased Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity Causes Redistribution of Potassium from the Cells to Extracellular Fluid.
True or False

Physio (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions