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Human Physiology - Cardiopulmonary Physiology > The Blood System > Flashcards

The Blood System Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of blood

A

TRANSPORTATION of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste and hormones
REGULATION of body temperature, pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
PROTECTS against blood loss - clotting, against infection - immune system

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2
Q

what temperature can blood be

A

38/39 degrees Celsius

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3
Q

hematocrit

A

the packed red cell volume of blood

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4
Q

hematocrit percentage of blood

A

42% in women
45% in men

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5
Q

plasma percentage of blood

A

58% in women
55% in men

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6
Q

what are the products of blood spun with anti-coagulants and their constituent’s

A

hematocrit - RBCs
buffy coat - platelets and WBCs
plasma - water, proteins, inorganic solutes, organic substnaces

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7
Q

what does albumin carry and what does it maintain

A

carrier of lipid soluble substances (drugs, hormones)
maintains osmotic pressure

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8
Q

types of globulins and their roles

A

alpha and beta - transport water insoluble substances including clotting factors
gamma - antibodies

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9
Q

fibrinogen

A

inactive precursor of clot’s fibrin meshwork

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10
Q

contents of erythrocytes

A

crucial enzymes for glycolysis and carbonic anhydrase
no nucleus

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11
Q

contents of reticulocytes

A

same as erythrocytes
remnants of organelles

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12
Q

what properties of RBCs support their function

A

flat concave shape allows large surface area
flexible membrane can squeeze through capillaries
contains Hb for oxygen transport

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13
Q

haemoglobin

A

a pigment made of 4 globin chains and a heme group

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14
Q

haem binding to oxygen

A

weak and reversible so its senstive to pH changes in blood
1 oxygen molecule per group

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15
Q

why does oxygenated blood appear red

A

Hb is a pigment
high iron content is reddish when combined with oxygen

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16
Q

Hb O2 binding

A

loose and reversible
depends on PO2

17
Q

Hb CO2 binding

A

when PCO2 is high
different binding site than O2
forms carbamino Hb

18
Q

Hb CO binding

A

same binding as oxygen
240x higher affinity for CO

19
Q

why do erythrocytes have short life spans
how long is it

A

no DNA so cannot synthesise proteins or divide
120 days

20
Q

erythropoiesis

A

bone marrow generation of new red blood cells

21
Q

where do old RBCs die

A

the spleen

22
Q

what controls erythropoiesis
where does it act

A

erythropoietin from the kidneys in response to reduced O2 delivery
red bone marrow

23
Q

when there is haemorrhage or blood loss

A

reticulocyte levels increase, peaks at 4-7 days
decreases by 2 weeks when Hb becomes normal
remains high in there is further blood loss

24
Q

epogen
what is it used for

A

synthetic erythropoietin
surgery and chemotherapy
dialysis patients
doping

25
Q

what are the products of haemoglobin broken down to

A

globin - amino acids
haem - iron (stored as ferritin), bilirubin (taken up by liver)

26
Q

what is bilirubin used for

A

secreted into intestine in bile
metabolized into stercobilin by -gut bacteria and excreted

27
Q

what food nutrients absorbed from intestines for erythropoiesis

A

iron, vit B12, protein, folic acid

28
Q

what happens to aged and damaged RBCs

A

engulfed by macrophages of liver and bone marrow

29
Q

why do babies get jaundice
why is it treated with UV

A

their liver is not developed enough to remove bilirubin
transforms bilirubin into water-soluble isomers that can be eliminated without conjugation in the liver

30
Q

symptoms of anaemia

A

fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, increased heart rate, and chills

31
Q

causes of anaemia

A

nutritional
pernicious (vit B12)
aplastic (lack of erythropoiesis)
renal
haemorrhagic
haemolytic
malaria
sickle cell

32
Q

polycythaemia

A

too many circulating RBCs

33
Q

primary vs secondary polycythaemia

A

primary - genetic or cancer cause bone marrow to over produce
secondary - reduced O2 delivery causes over production (high altitude, sleep apnoea, heart/lung diseases)

34
Q

thick blood vs thin blood

A

thick blood: polycythaemia, high bp, more platelets lead to clots
thin blood: anaemia, less platelets, more bruising

Human Physiology - Cardiopulmonary Physiology (10 decks)

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