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Google IT Support Professional Certificate > The Bits and Bytes of Computer Networking 4 > Flashcards

The Bits and Bytes of Computer Networking 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNS stand for and what does it do?

A

Domain Name System - resolves web addresses into IP addresses. (translates human readable addresses into computer readable addresses)

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2
Q

What is name resolution?

A

The process of using DNS to translate a domain name into an IP address.

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3
Q

What 4 things need to be specifically configured on a network?

A

1 the IP address,
2 the subnet mask,
3 the gateway for a host,
4 the DNS server.

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4
Q

What are the 5 primary types of DNS servers?

A 
1 Caching name servers
2 Recursive name servers
3 Root name servers
4 TLD name servers
5 Authoritative name servers
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5
Q

What is the role of a caching name server?

A

Stores domain name look ups for a certain amount of time (so name resolution doesn’t have to occur every time for frequently used websites).

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6
Q

What is the role of a recursive name server?

A

Perform full DNS resolution requests.

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7
Q

What are the 3 steps of a full DNS look-up?

A

1 Contact a root name server. This will direct to the correct TLD name server.

2 TLD name server directs to the correct authoritative name server.

3 The ANS will provide the IP address.

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8
Q

What part of a domain does the TLD server deal with?

A

The top level domain - last part of a domain - .com, .org etc.

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9
Q

What part of a domain does the Authoritative Name Server Deal with, and who is generally responsible for this server?

A

The last two parts of the domain - weather.com, youtube.com. Usually controlled by one organization, the one who owns that domain.

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10
Q

What is Anycast?

A

A routing technique in which a single destination IP address is shared by devices (generally servers) in multiple locations. Routers direct packets addressed to this destination to the device nearest the sender.

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11
Q

Which transport layer protocol does DNS use?

A

UDP.

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12
Q

What is a DNS record?

A

Instructions that live in authoritative DNS servers and provide information about a domain including what IP address is associated with that domain and how to handle requests for that domain. These records consist of a series of text files.

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13
Q

What is the most common form of DNS record? Describe how it is.

A

A record - directs a certain domain name to an IPv4 address, can have multiple IP addresses per domain.

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14
Q

What is DNS round robin and what is a benefit of it?

A

When a record has multiple IP addresses for one domain name, it iterates through the list one by one - this balances traffic over multiple IP addresses.

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15
Q

What is the difference between an A record and a Quad A record?

A

A record = IPv4 addresses

Quad A record = IPv6 addresses.

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16
Q

What does a CNAME record do?

A

Directs one domain name to another, eg directs youtube.com to www.youtube.com.

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17
Q 
What do the following service records do?
1  MX records.
2  SRV records.
3  TXT records.
4  NS records.
5  SOA records.
A

1 MX records - mail exchange, delivers email to the correct service.

2 SRV records - service, used to define the location of specific services.

3 TXT records - text, used to communicate info about network configuration etc.

4 NS records - Name server, indicates which DNS server is authoritative for that domain (i.e. which server contains the actual DNS records).

5 SOA records - Start of Authority, record stores important information about a domain or zone such as the email address of the administrator, when the domain was last updated, etc.

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18
Q

What are the 3 parts of a domain, and what are the 3 combined called?

A

Top Level Domain - last part, .com etc.
Domain - middle bit.
Subdomain/ host name - the part before the domain name, can have multiple parts.

FQDN - Fully Qualified Domain Name.

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19
Q

What are DNS zones?

A

A portion of the DNS namespace that is managed by a specific organization or administrator.

20
Q

How are DNS zones configured?

A

Through zone files - simple files that record all resource records for that zone.

21
Q

What does a reverse look up zone file do and what type of record does it contain?

A

Resolves an IP to a domain name. Have Pointer resource records (PTR).

22
Q

What does DHCP stand for and what does it do?`

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Automates the assignation of IP addresses to devices that connect to a network.

23
Q

What are the 3 types of allocation that DCHP uses? Explain each type.

A

1 Dynamic allocation - an IP address is assigned to a client when it requests one. The address will be different each time that they connect to the network.

2 Automatic allocation - the DHCP server will try to assign the same IP address to a device each time it connects, if possible.

3 Fixed allocation - a list of MAC addresses and their corresponding IP addresses is specified, same every time.

24
Q

What is DHCP discovery?

A

The process by which a client requests an IP address from a network.

25
Q

What does NAT stand for and what does it do?

A

Network Address Translation - takes one IP address and translates it into another.

26
Q

What are 2 benefits of NAT?

A

1 Networks can use non - routable IP addresses, the router can use NAT to rewrite the addresses to enable the network to communicate on the internet.

2 Security - no one can establish a connection to your device if they don’t know the IP.

27
Q

What are 2 techniques the router using NAT can use to remember where to return requested traffic? (which device has requested what data)

A

1 Port preservation - the router will use the same port chosen by the client.

2 Port forwarding - specific ports are configured to always be delivered to specific nodes.

28
Q

What does VPN stand for and how does it work?

A

Virtual Private Networks - allows an extension of a network to hosts that are not on that network, through a VPN tunnel, they will be given an IP address that matches the address space of the network they are connected to.

29
Q

What is a proxy service?

A

A server that acts on behalf of a client in order to access another server.

30
Q

What are 3 benefits of using a proxy service?

A

Additional anonymity, security and content filtering.

31
Q

What is the most common kind of proxy? What did they used to be used for, and what are they used for now?

A

Web proxies - used to be used to cache web pages to increase performance (pages could be retrieved faster)
- now used to stop access to certain webpages.

32
Q

What is a reverse proxy and what are they used for?

A

Appears to be one server to clients, but is actually many servers. Used by popular websites - too busy for one server.

33
Q

What is a modem (in full), and what is it used for?

A

Modulator demodulator - transfers data across a dial up connection.

34
Q

What is a Baud rate?

A

A measurement of how many bits can be transferred across a phone line in a second.

35
Q

What is broadband?

A

Any internet connectivity that is not dial up, and is always on.

36
Q

What is T carrier technology?

A

Allows multiple connections over one phone line.

37
Q

What does DSL stand for and how does it work?

A

Digital Subscriber Lines - by sending data across phone lines at a frequency that doesn’t interfere with normal phone calls, allowed phone calls and data transfer at the same time.

38
Q

What does DSLAM stand for and what is it for?

A

Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplex - like a modem for DSL.

39
Q

What were the 2 common types of DSLAMs, and what were the main differences?

A

ADSL - Asymmetric DSL, faster download speeds. slower upload speeds.

SDSL - Symmetric DSL, same speeds for upload / download.

40
Q

How does Cable Broadband work?

A

The coaxial cables that were used for TV, now used for delivering internet. Different frequencies used for each to avoid interference. (shared bandwidth)

41
Q

What is a modem for cable broadband called?

A

Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS).

42
Q

As fibre connections have no modem, what is the demarcation point of a fibre network?

A

Optical Network Terminator (ONT).

43
Q 
What do the following stand for;
1  FTTX
2  FTTN
3  FTTB
4  FTTH
5  FTTP.
A 
1  Fibre to the x
2  Fibre to the neighbourhood
3  Fibre to the building / business
4  Fibre to the home
5  Fibre to the premises
44
Q

What are 2 benefits of fibre?

A

Higher speeds and longer distance.

45
Q

What does WAN stand for and what is it?

A

Wide Area Network. Acts like a single network, but spans multiple physical locations.

46
Q

What is a popular alternative to WANs?

A

Point to Point VPNs. Establishes a VPN tunnel between two locations, multiple devices can connect at each end.

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