The Biosphere (Chpt 3)

Question 1

Def of Ecology?

Answer 1

• the study of interactions among organisms & organisms and their environment

Question 2

What are the Ecological Methods?

Answer 2

(OEM) - 1. observing, 2. experimenting, 3. modeling

Question 3

What is the complexity chart?

Answer 3

• Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

Question 4

What are the ecological interactions?

Answer 4

• Competition, Predation, Symbiosis
  –Commensalism, Mutualism, Parasitism

Question 5

Mutualism vs Parasitism vs Commensalism

Answer 5

• Mutualism: when both species benefit from each other
• Parasitism: when one benefits and one is harmed (Ectoparasites, Endoparasites)
• Commensalism: when one benefits and the other is unaffected

Question 6

Ectoparasites vs Endoparasites

Answer 6

• Ectoparasites: organism lives on the body to harm the other organism
• Endoparasites: organism lives inside the body to harm the other organism

Question 7

Def of Microbiome?

Answer 7

• diverse community formed by microorganisms

Question 8

Def of Pathogenic Bacteria?

Answer 8

• harmful bacteria that causes diseases and infections

Question 9

Def of Probiotics?

Answer 9

• living microscopic organisms that benefit our health

Question 10

Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs?

Answer 10

• Autotrophs: organisms who use energy from environment to fuel themselves (Producers)
• Heterotrophs: organisms that acquire energy from other organisms (Consumers)

Question 11

Types of Autotrophs? Types of Heterotrophs?

Answer 11

• types of autotrophs:
  photoautotrophs: use photosynthesis for energy
  chemoautotrophs: use chemosynthesis for energy, use energy within chemical bonds to produce carbohydrates
• types of heterotrophs:
  herbivores: only plants
  carnivores: only animals
  omnivores: plants and animalsdetrivores: eat dead matter

Question 12

Population vs Community?

Answer 12

• organisms in the same species in an area vs organisms of various species in same area

Question 13

What is the Competitive Exclusive Principle?

Answer 13

• no 2 species could occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time (because overtime, one will dominate)

Question 14

Abiotic vs Biotic factors?

Answer 14

• Abiotic: nonliving factors in environment; EX: climate, temperature, soil type, ect
• Biotic: living factors in environment; EX: birds, trees, bacteria

Question 15

Food chain vs Food web?

Answer 15

• food chain is single linear way of energy flow by being eaten and eating
• food web is interconnected food chains, network of complex interactions

Question 16

What is the 10% energy rule?

Answer 16

• only about 10% of energy is available for the next trophic level
• rest of the energy is released as heat or used by the organism

Question 17

What are the ecological pyramids?

Answer 17

• Pyramid models: inverted, spindle, normal
• energy pyramid: only part of energy that is stored in 1 trophic is passed to the next level
• biomass pyramid: shows the total amount of potential food available for each trophic level
• pyramid of numbers: based on the number of organisms at each trophic level

Question 18

Water cycle?

Answer 18

1. evaporation
2. transpiration
3. condensation
4. precipitation
5. runoff
6. percolation

Question 19

How does carbon enter atmosphere?

Answer 19

1. cellular respiration
2. combustion
3. from ocean evaporating
4. volcanic activity
5. decomposition

Question 20

How carbon is absorbed from atmosphere?

Answer 20

1. photosynthesis
2. Ocean
3. Water cycle / rain

Question 21

Reservoirs of Carbon?

Answer 21

1. Atmosphere
2. Lithosphere
3. Biosphere
4. Hydrosphere