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Psych > The Biological Perspective > Flashcards

The Biological Perspective Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the brain-imaging method that uses computer-controlled X-rays of the brain?

A

Computed Tomography (CT) scan

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2
Q

What is the brain-imaging method that uses radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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3
Q

What machine records the EEG?

A

Electroencephalograph

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4
Q

What is a recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull?

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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5
Q

What is often used to record the EEG?

A

Scalp electrodes

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6
Q

What is the advantage of using MRI over CT scan?

A

CT scan is unable to show very small details within the brain

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7
Q

What measures connectivity in the brain by imaging white matter tracts?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

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8
Q

Differentiate EEG from MRI/CT

A

MRI/CT: imaging brain structures

EEG: record the electrical activity of the living brain

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9
Q

What is the brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain?

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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10
Q

What is the neuroimaging method similar to PET but uses a different radioactive tracer?

A

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

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11
Q

What is SPECT used for?

A

Examination of brain blood flow

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12
Q

What are beta waves (EEG)?

A

Fast, irregular waves indicating waking activity

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13
Q

What are slightly more regular, slower waves which indicate relaxation?

A

Alpha waves

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14
Q

What type of waves is associated with drowsiness and sleep?

A

Theta waves

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15
Q

What are much slower, larger waves that indicate deep sleep?

A

Delta waves

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16
Q

What MRI-based brain-imaging method allows for examination of brain areas through changes in brain examination?

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

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17
Q

What is the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord which forms the lowest part of the brain?

A

Medulla

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18
Q

What is the medulla responsible for?

A

Life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate

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19
Q

What connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

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20
Q

What controls complex thought processes?

A

Cerebral cortex

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21
Q

What is the part of the forebrain that relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex?

A

Thalamus

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22
Q

What is the part of the hindbrain that controls balance and maintains muscle coordination?

A

Cerebellum

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23
Q

What is the part of the hindbrain that relays messages between the cerebellum and the cortex?

A

Pons

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24
Q

What is the system of nerves running from the hindbrain and through the midbrain to the cerebral cortex?

A

Reticular formation

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25
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

Controls arousal and attention

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26
Q

What happens in the medulla?

A

Nerves cross from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain

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27
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Plays a role in learning, memory and ability to compare sensory information to expectations

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28
Q

What regulates all other endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary gland

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29
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Part of the forebrain that regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sexual drive and aggression we feel

30
Q

What is the function of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

A

Stimulates the upper part of the brain, keeping people awake and alert

*RAS is part of the Reticular Formation (RF)

31
Q

What is the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom?

A

Pons

32
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Plays a role in sleep, dreaming, L-R body coordination and arousal

33
Q

What is the Reticular Formation (RF)?

A

area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that

responsible for general attention, alertness and arousal

34
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement

*it is part of the lower brain, behind the pons

35
Q

What happens in spinocerebellar degeneration?

A

Since the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating fine motor movement, cerebellar deterioration symptoms include:

tremors, an unsteady walk, slurred speech, dizziness and muscle weakness

36
Q

What is the group of brain structures located under the cortex and are involved in learning, emotion, memory and motivation?

A

Limbic system

37
Q

What is the part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain and relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex?

A

Thalamus

  • Lower part of brain —> Stimulus processed in the thalamus —> Proper area of the cortex

**All types of sensory information go through different pathways sa lower brain and end up in different parts of the cortex, BUT all of them go through the thalamus

38
Q

What happens when the thalamus is damaged?

A

This might result in the loss or partial loss of any or all of the sensations that it processes

39
Q

What is the pathway of nerve fibers that transmits information from the hippocampus to the mamillary bodies?

A

Fornix

40
Q

What is the primary cortical component of the limbic system?

A

Cingulate Cortex

41
Q

What is the function of the cingulate cortex?

A

Emotional and Cognitive Processing

42
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

Influences our motivation, emotional control, fear response and interpretations of nonverbal emotional expressions

43
Q

What acts as a relay station, transmitting information between the fornix and the thalamus?

A

Mamillary body

44
Q

What are the two bulb-like projections just under the front of the brain?

A

Olfactory bulb

*olfactory = receives information from receptors in the nose

45
Q

What is the small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst and sex

47
Q

What is the curved structure located within each temporal lobe?

A

Hippocampus

48
Q

What happens in the hippocampus?

A

Formation of long-term memories and storage of memory for location of objects

49
Q

Where is the amygdala, which is responsible for fear responses and memory of fear, located?

A

Near the hippocampus

50
Q

What is the Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Monkeys with large amounts of their temporal lobes removed - including the amygdala - were completely unafraid of snakes and humans, both normally fear-provoking stimuli

*information from the senses go to the amygdala before the upper part of the brain is involved, so people can respond to danger very quickly, sometimes before they are even consciously aware of what is happening

51
Q

What is the outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons?

A

Cortex

52
Q

What is the cortex responsible for?

A

Higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input

53
Q

What are the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

54
Q

What is the thick band of neurons that connects the R and L cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

55
Q

What is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Occipital lobe

56
Q

What does the occipital lobe contain?

A

Visual centers of the brain

57
Q

What sections of the brain are located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Parietal lobes

58
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobes?

A

Contains the centers for touch,t aste and temperature sensations

59
Q

What is the area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes?

A

Somatosensory cortex

60
Q

What is the Somatosensory Cortex for?

A

processes information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position and possibly taste

61
Q

What are the areas of the cortex located just behind the temples?

A

Temporal lobes

62
Q

What are the temporal lobes responsible for?

A

Sense of hearing and meaningful speech

63
Q

What are the areas of the cortex in front and on top of the brain?

A

Frontal lobes

64
Q

What are the frontal lobes responsible for?

A

Higher mental processes and decision-making as well as production of fluent speech

65
Q

What is the section of the frontal lobe located at the back?

A

Motor cortex

66
Q

What is the function of the motor cortex?

A

Sends motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

67
Q

What are neurons that fire when an organism performs an action and also when an organism observes that same action being performed by another?

A

Mirror neurons

68
Q

What are the areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information?

A

Association areas

  • also responsible for higher mental processing
69
Q

What is the condition that causes the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly?

A

Broca’s aphasia

70
Q

What causes the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaninful language?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

71
Q

What is produced by damage to the association areas of the R hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field?

A

Spatial neglect

72
Q

What is the upper part of the brain which consists of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them?

A

Cerebrum

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