The Belmont Report

Question 1

Purpose of Belmont Report

Answer 1

To protect clients or subjects in research studies

Question 2

When Belmont Report?

Answer 2

1979 April 18

Question 3

Practice vs. Research

Answer 3

Practice: Interventions to enhance well-being of patient/client with reasonable rate of success

Research: Activity to test a hypothesis and draw conclusions to contribute to knowledge (formal; set of procedures)

Question 4

Experimental meaning for clinical work

Answer 4

Clinician uses method that’s not standard; does not automatically mean research. (if radically diff, should undergo research)

Question 5

What kinds of studies should undergo review?

Answer 5

if there’s ANY element of research involved in an activity

Question 6

3 Basic Ethical Principles

Answer 6

1. Respect for Persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice

Question 7

Respect For Persons (in research ethics)

Answer 7

Individuals should be treated as autonomous (ie., acknowledge autonomy)

Diminished autonomy people are entitled to protection (ie., protect those with diminished autonomy)

Summary: voluntarily enter research with adequate info

Question 8

What violates respecting autonomy?

Answer 8

repudiate their judgements, deny freedom to act on judgements, withhold information

Question 9

Diminished autonomy meaning

Answer 9

illness, mental disability, circumstances that restrict liberty

Question 10

What determines how much protection to give those with diminished autonomy?

Answer 10

Risk of harm and likelihood of benefit

Question 11

Beneficence (in research ethics)

Answer 11

An obligation to make efforts to secure well-being for participants

1) don’t harm
2) max benefits and minimize potential harm

Question 12

What circumstance is there controversy about beneficence?

Answer 12

When there’s no direct benefit to individual in study but more than minimal risk (some say ok some say no)

Question 13

Justice (in research ethics)

Answer 13

Question of who receives benefit of research and who bears the burden

1) to each an equal share
2) to each according to their need
3) to each according to their effort
4) to each according to their contribution
5) to each according to merit

Question 14

What information should be given as part of informed consent?

Answer 14

Procedure, purpose, risks and benefits, opportunity to ask and quit anytime; whos responsible for research, etc.

Question 15

When is incomplete disclosure ok?

Answer 15

1) incomplete disclosure is necessary for goals of research
2) no more than minimal undisclosed risks
3) plan to debrief subjects

Question 16

Comprehension

Answer 16

Subjects must comprehend the information (tests might be useful in some circumstances)

Question 17

Voluntariness

Answer 17

Voluntary consent must be given by subject (no coercion or under influence)

Question 18

“risk” v. “benefit”

Answer 18

considers probability of harm and severity of harm

benefit is not probability. anticipated benefits

Question 19

How is balanced risk/benefit ratio determined?

Answer 19

Rarely quantitatively. Need to look at alternatives and see all risks with clarity.

Question 20

When is brutal/inhumane treatment of subjects morally justified?

Answer 20

Never

Question 21

When/why is the purpose of risk

Answer 21

if risk is necessary to achieve research objective (needs justification of risk)

Question 22

Justice in selecting subjects

Answer 22

Individual: No bias in wanting certain subjects

Social: Social classes or groups might be specific. Injustice if population research only for advantaged populations (?)