The Begininngs Of Change

Question 1

What were directions like before Vesalius?

Answer 1

Dissections we’re done to prove Galen right not to challenge him

Galens words were read while an assistant did the dissection

Question 2

When was Andreas Vesalius born and where did he grow up?

Answer 2

Vesalius was born in 1514 and was Belgian, he studied in Paris where he learned galens anatomy.

As professor of surgery in the university of Padua in Italy he began to question galens ideas

Question 3

What was the famous book Galen wrote and when was it written?

Answer 3

The fabric of the human body written in 1543 was a beautifully illustrated book based on dissections of the human body and proved Galens ideas wrong

Question 4

What work did Vesalius do?

Answer 4

He done dissections by himself and said medical students should learn from his disections

Question 5

What was the reaction to Vesalius?

Answer 5

People criticised him for saying Galen was wrong

He later had to leave his job in Padua and later became a doctor for the emperor Charles V

Question 6

What was Vesalius contribution to medical progress in England?

Answer 6

He overturned galens beliefs after centuries and was the basis for better treatments in the future. He also showed others how to do proper dissections.

Question 7

What was the renaissance?

Answer 7

A cultural movement that began in Florence italy

Question 8

How did the renaissance start?

Answer 8

Wealthy businessmen paid scholars and artists to investigate the the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

Question 9

How did the renaissance spread?

Answer 9

The invention of the printing press in 1451 made books much cheaper and quicker to produce. Before books were very expensive and rare now the were able to spread information much quicker,

Question 10

What were some consequences of the renaissance?

Answer 10

New lands were discovered and this brought back new foods and medicine, the printing of books were easier, art was able to show the human body in more detail, new inventions such as gunpowder caused new types of wounds.

Question 11

How did paré treat gunshot wounds

Answer 11

Before people thought gunshot wounds were poisonous so they would burn them with hot oil then apply a rose oil and egg white with turpentine cream however one day in 1537 paré ran out of oil so just used the cream and this healed the patients better than those with oil

Question 12

How did paré stop bleeding?

Answer 12

Paré used galens method of tying the blood vessels with ligatures or silk thread, before this wounds were cauterised.

Question 13

What were some downsides of ligatures?

Answer 13

They were time consuming so weren’t ideal for the battlefield and they could introduce infection

Question 14

What was William Harvey’s contribution?

Answer 14

Harvey said that blood was circulating around the body and it was the same blood as he disagreed with galen who said blood was used as fuel

Question 15

How did Harvey discover the circulation of blood?

Answer 15

He calculated how much blood would be required if it was used as fuel

He observed the slow-beating hearts of cold-blooded animals to see how muscles worked

He read what the Italian anatomists at Padua discovered and built upon their work

He disected and studied human hearts

He experimented by pumping blood the wrong way through the valves in the veins, proving blood could on,y go one way round

Question 16

When was Harvey’s ideas accepted?

Answer 16

1661 4 years after he died

Question 17

When did Harvey’s ideas become useful?

Answer 17

1901 as this was when the different blood types were dound out allowing blood transfusions

Question 18

What were barber-surgeons?

Answer 18

Poorly trained people who would perform small surgeries such as pulling out a tooth or bloodletting

Question 19

Who were apothecaries?

Answer 19

Poorly trained people who sold medicines and potions

Question 20

Who were wise women?

Answer 20

People who often had extensive knowledge on plants and herbs but also their treatments relied on superstition

Question 21

Who were quacks?

Answer 21

Showy, travelling salesmen who sold all sorts of medicines

Question 22

When did the plague return?

Answer 22

1655

Question 23

When was John Hunter born?

Answer 23

1728

Question 24

Who and when was John Hunter appointed surgeon to?

Answer 24

King George 3 in 1776

Question 25

When was Hunter surgeon-general in the army?

Answer 25

1790

Question 26

What was John hunters contribution to medical knowledge?

Answer 26

Hunter founded a scientific method to surgery and trained many young surgeons such as Edward jenner

Question 27

What did Edward Jenner find out?

Answer 27

Vaccination

Question 28

What was inoculation

Answer 28

Giving a healthy person a mild dose of a disease by scratching dry scabs into the skin or by blowing it up their nose.

Question 29

What were some problems with inoculation?

Answer 29

Some people believed preventing disease was against gods will

Lack of understanding and belief it would work

Risk small pox dose was not mild and could kill

Inoculated people were infectious

Poor people could not afford to be inoculated

Question 30

How did Jenner find out about vaccination?

Answer 30

By infecting a child with a milder version called cowpox in 1796 and then six weeks later giving him a dose of small pox. The boy did not react. He then gave it to 16 other patients who also did not react

Question 31

What were some reasons for opposition against Jenner?

Answer 31

He could not explain how vaccination worked

Many doctors were profiting from smallpox inoculation

Jenner was not a fashionable city doctor

Woodville and gorge Pearson repeated the experiment but a patient died due to contamination

Question 32

Why was vaccination accepted

Answer 32

Jenner had proved it by scientific experiment

Vaccination was less dangerous than inoculation

Members of royal family were vaccinated which influenced opinion.

In 1853 the government made it compulsory for smallpox vaccination