The Basics: Fuel Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards
Conversion for kilograms to pounds
one kilogram is 2.2 pounds
How many calories per gram does alcohol produce?
Seven kcal/g
What is the percentage of water stored in adipose tissue?
fifteen percent
What is the percentage of water store in muscle tissue?
eighty percent
What is the calculation for Basal Metabolic rate?
It is 24 kcal/kg body weight/day
What are the essential fatty acids? Why are they important?
Linoleic and alpha-linoleic acids
They are the precursors of the polyunsaturated fatty acids required for the synthesis of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids: arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Found in high levels in the fish oils.
What are the essential amino acids?
They are the amino acids (nine of them) that cannoit by synthesized in the body, and need to be obtained from the body:
- histidine -isoleucine -leucine
- lysine -methionine -phenylalanine
- threonine -tryptophan -valine
***Arginine can only be synthesized in limited amounts and must be present in the diet for growth needs
Nitrogenous waste that is excreted in the urine:
urea, uric acid, creatinine, and ammonia
role of amylase in digestion of starch:
cleave starch to disaccharides and oligosaccharides, further cleavage to glucose requires maltase and isomaltase enzymes, found on brush border of intestinal epithelial cells
What are the enzymes that help cleave sucrose and lactose?
Sucrase and lactase
Where are sucrase and lactase found?
Part of the complexes on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells
Sucrase converts sucrose to
fructose and glucose
lactase converts lactose to
glucose and galactose
Digestion of fats:
Triacylglycerols are emulsified in intestine by bile salts, digested by pancreatic lipse to 2-monoacylglycerols and fatty acids.
These are packaged into micelles by bile salts and absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells, and reconverted to triacylglycerols.
Triacylglycerols are packaged into chylomicrons which enter the lymph and then into the blood.
Digestion of protein:
Digested first by pepsin in the stomach.
Pancrease produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases.
Aminopeptidases, dipeptidases and tripeptidases are associated with intestinal epithelial cells.
Proteins are degraded into mixture of amino acids, absorbed by epithelial cells and then passed into blood.
Excess glucose in the liver is converted into:
glycogen and fatty acids/glycerol moiety that then form triacylglycerols and packaged into VLDL
Amino acids in the fed-state are used to produce nitrogenous compounds such as:
heme, creatine phosphate, epinephrine, and DNA/RNA bases
Normal Triglyceride level
less than/equal to 150
When does Glycogenolysis begin?
about 2 to 3 hours after a meal
How long do glycogen stores last?
about 30 hours
When does the liver begin gluconeogenesis?
about 4 to 6 hours after a meal
What are the Ketone Bodies?
Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate
During Fasting, muscle protein is degraded and released into the blood, mainly as:
Alanine and Glutamine
They travel to liver and are converted to glucose or ketone bodies, nitrogen is converted into urea
When does body enter the starved state?
after three to five days of fasting
