the basics

Question 1

If something is gram positive, what colour does it go?

Answer 1

purple (as it has a peptidoglycan layer)

Question 2

If something is gram negative, what colour does it go?

Answer 2

pink

Question 3

What do bacteria need to grow?

Answer 3

food
moisture
correct temperature
correct pH

Question 4

What is sterilisation?

Answer 4

destruction and removal of 99.9% of microbes e.g. by using autoclaves

Question 5

What is disinfection?

Answer 5

removal of microbes until safe. e.g by using hot water and bleach

Question 6

What is a commensal bacteria?

Answer 6

its part of natural flora

Question 7

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

Answer 7

one which infects when the immune system is suppressed

Question 8

what does virulence mean?

Answer 8

degree of pathogenicity

Question 9

Describe staphylococci bacteria- gram stain and shape?

Answer 9

gram positive cocci in grape like clusters

Question 10

Describe Streptococci bacteria-gram stain and shape?

Answer 10

gram positive cocci in short chains/pairs

Question 11

What is sepsis?

Answer 11

response to severe infection where the blood vessels leak and there is less blood supply to organs. heart works faster due to lower blood volume.

Question 12

Describe Neisseria spp?

Answer 12

gram negative cocci, aerobic

Question 13

describe the coliforms.

Answer 13

gram negative bacilli. mainly aerobic but can be anaerobic too

Question 14

What is the first line antibiotic used to treat infection by coliforms?

Answer 14

Gentamicin

Question 15

Describe Haemophilus Influenzae

Answer 15

gram negative, aerobic, bacilli

Question 16

Describe clostridium

Answer 16

gram positive , anaerobic bacilli

Question 17

describe bacteroides spp

Answer 17

gram negative, anaerobic bacilli

Question 18

name 5 ways to spread infection

Answer 18

1. inhalation
2. ingestion
3. inoculation
4. mother-infant
5. intercourse

Question 19

what are the 5 moments for hand hygiene?

Answer 19

1. before patient contact
2. before aseptic task
3. after body fluid exposure
4. after patient contact
5. after contact with patient surroundings

Question 20

What immune response it this?

When cytotoxic lymphocytes recognise proteins on cell surface as “non self” and then release enzymes into the cell causing it to self destruct.

Answer 20

Cell mediated respsonse

Question 21

What immune response is this?

When antibodies neutralise the virus by binding to it and forming a harmless complex

Answer 21

humoral response

Question 22

What does bactericidal mean?

Answer 22

killing bacteria

Question 23

what does bacteriostatic mean?

Answer 23

inhibit growth of bacteria

Question 24

Name the antibiotics that affect the cell wall (inhibit cell wall synthesis)

Answer 24

penicillins
cephalosponins
glycopeptides

Question 25

How does macrolides and aminoglycosides (gentamicin) work?

Answer 25

prevent protein synthesis

Question 26

How do these antibiotics work?

Metronidazole
Trimethoprim
Fluroquinolones

Answer 26

they affect the bacterial DNA