the basics Flashcards
If something is gram positive, what colour does it go?
purple (as it has a peptidoglycan layer)
If something is gram negative, what colour does it go?
pink
What do bacteria need to grow?
food
moisture
correct temperature
correct pH
What is sterilisation?
destruction and removal of 99.9% of microbes e.g. by using autoclaves
What is disinfection?
removal of microbes until safe. e.g by using hot water and bleach
What is a commensal bacteria?
its part of natural flora
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
one which infects when the immune system is suppressed
what does virulence mean?
degree of pathogenicity
Describe staphylococci bacteria- gram stain and shape?
gram positive cocci in grape like clusters
Describe Streptococci bacteria-gram stain and shape?
gram positive cocci in short chains/pairs
What is sepsis?
response to severe infection where the blood vessels leak and there is less blood supply to organs. heart works faster due to lower blood volume.
Describe Neisseria spp?
gram negative cocci, aerobic
describe the coliforms.
gram negative bacilli. mainly aerobic but can be anaerobic too
What is the first line antibiotic used to treat infection by coliforms?
Gentamicin
Describe Haemophilus Influenzae
gram negative, aerobic, bacilli
Describe clostridium
gram positive , anaerobic bacilli
describe bacteroides spp
gram negative, anaerobic bacilli
name 5 ways to spread infection
- inhalation
- ingestion
- inoculation
- mother-infant
- intercourse
what are the 5 moments for hand hygiene?
- before patient contact
- before aseptic task
- after body fluid exposure
- after patient contact
- after contact with patient surroundings
What immune response it this?
When cytotoxic lymphocytes recognise proteins on cell surface as “non self” and then release enzymes into the cell causing it to self destruct.
Cell mediated respsonse
What immune response is this?
When antibodies neutralise the virus by binding to it and forming a harmless complex
humoral response
What does bactericidal mean?
killing bacteria
what does bacteriostatic mean?
inhibit growth of bacteria
Name the antibiotics that affect the cell wall (inhibit cell wall synthesis)
penicillins
cephalosponins
glycopeptides
How does macrolides and aminoglycosides (gentamicin) work?
prevent protein synthesis
How do these antibiotics work?
Metronidazole
Trimethoprim
Fluroquinolones
they affect the bacterial DNA
