The Basics Flashcards
Structure of Matter (classification)
Chemical, Physical, and Electrical
define simple matter
composed of one basic earth element
define complex matter
composed of two or more elements
Physical Classification of Matter
Gas, Liquid, and Solid
Electrical Classification of Matter
Insulators, Conductors, and Semi Conductors
Types of Insulators
Mica, Glass, Wood
Types of Conductors
Copper, Silver, and Gold
Types of Semi-Conductors
Silicon and Germanium
Definition of a Semi-Conductor
a solid substance that has a conductivity between that of a insulator and that of most metals
Atoms contain three types of particals
Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons
The heart of the atom is _____
nucleus
The nucleus is said to be _____ charged
Positively
electrons are _____ charged
Negative
What is the outer most shell called
Valance Shell
Energy levels are called ____
Shells
What are the different energy levels(shells) and how many electrons for each energy level(shell)
Closest to Farthest from the nucleus
1.K = 2 electrons
2. L = 8 electrons
3. M = 4 Electrons
What 2 ways keep the electrons in their orbit
Magnetic and Kinetic Energy
What is magnetic energy
attraction of the electrons to positively charged nucleus
what is kinetic energy
stops the electrons from combining with the nucleus due to centrifugal force
what happens when the valence shell is closer to the nucleus
the semiconductor material is more stable
How many protons, electrons, neutrons and shells does Silicon Have
14 Electrons, 14 Protons, 14 Neutrons, 3 Shells
How many protons, electrons, neutrons and shells does Germanium have
32 Electrons, 32 Protons, 41 Neutrons, 4 Shells
True or False?
Germanium is more stable than silicon
False (germanium valance shell is farther to the nucleus than the silicon valance shell)
Which semi-conductor atom is physically larger? Silicon or Germanium?
Germanium atom
When is an atom considered to be in the neutral state
When there are the same number of electrons and protons
What is Covalent Bonding
when the electrons in the valance shell are shared between two or more atoms
When many silicon atoms have combined through covalent bonding they form what?
silicon crystal
What is doping
mixing of impurities(extrinsic material) with an intrinsic material
Intrinsic material or a pure crystal is always in a ___ state
neutral
conduction of a pure crystal is only affected by _____
heat or light energy (solar)
impurities with 5 electrons are called _____
pentavalent
having 5 impurities gives the doped crystal an overall ____ charge or _____ type material
negative , “N”
impurities with 3 electrons are called _____
trivalent
impurities with 3 electrons are ____ type material
“P”
To obtain N-type semi conductor material silicon is doped with the following impurities
a. Phosphorous
b. Antimony
c. Arsenic
What are the majority carries in N-type material
Electrons
P-type material is doped with the following impurities
a. Aluminum
b. Gallium
c. Boron
d. Indium
The majority carries in P-type semi-conductors are
Holes
Current Flow is ___ to ____ charge
Negative, Positive
Conventional Flow is _____ to ____ charge
Positive, Negative
For an electron to flow it must have ______
have a hole to flow into
if we only move one hole at a time the hole appears to be moving from _____ to _____ charge, therefore electrons are moving from negative to positive
Positive to Negative
How are PN junctions formed
by fusing different impurities into the silicon crystal material
The Diode - The P-type material is called the ___ and the N material is called the ____
Anode, Cathode
What is the thin intrinsic layer between the P and N material called
Depletion Region
What are the two types of Biasing
Forward and Reverse Biasing
When junction diode is said to be forward biased when the anode is ____ with respect to the cathode and the Knee Voltage is ___ volts or greater for Silicon and ___ volts for Germanium
positive, 0.7(silicon), 0.3(germanium)
Knee voltage is also known as
Cut-in voltage
In Forward bias, the current flow is from ____ to ____
Cathode(negative) to Anode(positive)
The current won’t flow when the positive terminal is connected to the ____ and the negative is connected to the ______
N-type material (negative), P-type material(positive)
What is Knee Voltage?
voltage required to put diode into conduction
What is Peak Inverse Voltage (P.I.V)
max voltage in reverse the diode can safely handle
What is Voltage Break Down Reverse ( V.B.R)
the point at which the diode is destroyed
What is Avalanche?
uncontrolled current that will destroy the diode
(TESTING A DIODE) when you see _____ on both, the diode is open
infinity
(TESTING A DIODE) when you see ____ on both, the diode is shorted
low ohms
