THE BACK

Question 1

synovial joints that are
formed between the occipital condyles

Answer 1

atlanto-occipital joints

Question 2

three synovial joints: the arch of the atlas and the other two between the lateral masses of the bones

what joint is this?

Answer 2

atlantoaxial joint

Question 3

Movements
-Flexion
-extension
-lateral flexion
-No rotation is
possible

what joint is this?

Answer 3

atlanto-occipital joints

Question 4

Movements
-extensive rotation of the atlas and thus of the head on the axis.

Answer 4

atlantoaxial joint

Question 5

-composed of fibrocartilage, in
which the collagen fibers are arranged in concentric layers or sheets
-peripheral part of intervertebral disc

Answer 5

anulus fibrosus

Question 6

-an ovoid mass of gelatinous material containing a large amount of water, a small number of collagen fibers, and a few cartilage cells
-central part of intervertebral disc

Answer 6

nucleus pulposus

Question 7

this ligament is wide and
is strongly attached to the front and sides of the vertebral
bodies and to the intervertebral discs

Answer 7

anterior longitudinal ligaments

Question 8

-this ligament is weak and narrow and is attached to the posterior
borders of the discs
-these ligaments hold the vertebrae
firmly together but at the same time permit a small amount
of movement to take place between them.

Answer 8

posterior longitudinal ligaments

Question 9

what part of the intervertebral disc allows itself to change shape due to its semifluid nature?

Answer 9

nucleus pulposus

Question 10

A sudden increase in the compression load on the vertebral column causes the semifluid nucleus pulposus to
become

Answer 10

flattened

Question 11

cervical part of the vertebral column is in what curvature?

Answer 11

concave posteriorly

Question 12

lumbar part of the vertebral
column is in what curvature?

Answer 12

concave posteriorly

Question 13

thoracic part of the vertebral
column is in what curvature?

Answer 13

convex posteriorly

Question 14

flexion is ___ movement

Answer 14

anterior

Question 15

extension is ___ movement

Answer 15

posterior

Question 16

this movement is extensive in the cervical and lumbar regions but restricted in the thoracic region

Answer 16

lateral flexion

Question 17

this movement is least extensive in the lumbar region

Answer 17

rotation

Question 18

combination of all movements is called

Answer 18

circumduction

Question 19

In the cervical region, flexion is produced by whatmuscles?

Answer 19

-longus cervicis
-scalenus anterior
-sternocleidomastoid

Question 20

In the cervical region, lateral flexion is produced by what muscles?

Answer 20

-scalenus anterior
-medius
-trapezius
-sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 21

In the cervical region, extension is produced by what muscles?

Answer 21

-postvertebral muscles

Question 22

In the cervical region, rotation is produced by what muscles?

Answer 22

sternocleidomastoid on one side and the splenius on the other side

Question 23

In the thoracic region, rotation is produced by what muscles?

Answer 23

unilateral contraction of the semispinalis and rotatores muscles, assisted by the oblique muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Question 24

In the lumbar region, flexion is produced by

Answer 24

-rectus abdominis
-psoas muscles

Question 25

In the lumbar region, extension is produced by

Answer 25

-postvertebral muscles

Question 26

In the lumbar region, lateral flexion is produced by

Answer 26

-postvertebral muscles
-quadratus lumborum
-oblique muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Question 27

In the lumbar region, rotation is produced by

Answer 27

-rotatores muscles
-oblique muscles of the anterolateral
abdominal wall