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BIOM2402 > The Autonomic NS > Flashcards

The Autonomic NS Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the ANS:

A

Homeostasis

Intrinsic activity of tissue

Regulates body temp, cardiovascular activity, respiratory functions, digestive functions

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2
Q

The ANS is organised into…

A

Ganglions, nerves, and plexuses

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3
Q

The hypothalamus controls:

A

Water balance

Food intake

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4
Q

The brainstem controls:

A

Respiration

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5
Q

The hypothalamus AND brain stem control the:

A

Body temperature

Vasomotor control of blood pressure

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6
Q

The ANS is dependant on signalling from the

A

Periphery (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors)
and;
Cortex-thalamus-hypothalamus

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7
Q

What functions to keep people alive in the vegetative state?

A

The medulla

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8
Q

Thalamus:

A

Relay station and processing centre for sensory information

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9
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

Controls emotions, hormone production, and autonomic functions

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10
Q

Medulla Oblongata:

A

Relay station for sensory information to thalamus and to other parts of the brainstem.

Autonomic centres for regulation or visceral functions (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive activity)

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11
Q

Skeletal muscle is part of the somatic system, innervated by 1 motor neuron:

A

Releases Ach –> Nicotinic Ach receptors –> Normuscular emplate

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12
Q

Visceral organs are innervated by 2 motor neurons, 1 preganglionic neuron, and 2 postganglionic neuron:

A

Preganglionic neuron synapses with either a sympathetic or a parasympathetic ganglion –> releases Ach –> nicotinincACh receptor on postganglionic neuron

2nd post ganglionic neuron (dependant on what ANS function is being used)

Sympathetic –> noradrenaline

Parasympathetic –> ACh –> muscarinic receptors

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13
Q

The second motor neuron is auto-inhibitory. T/F

A

True

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14
Q

Muscle excitation is due to…

A

An influx of Na2+ and Ca2+ into the cells

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15
Q

Nicotine stimulates…

A

All ANS functions:

  1. Somatic efferent
  2. Sympathetic
  3. Parasympathetic
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16
Q

Nicotine and ACh are agonists at the…

A

Nicotinic receptor

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17
Q

ACh, muscarine, carbachol are agonists at the…

A

Muscarinic receptors

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18
Q

Nicotinic receptors are ligand gated. T/F

A

True

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19
Q

Muscarinic receptors are GPCRs. T/F

A

True

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20
Q

M1,3,5 are all stimulatory receptors –>

A

Will stimulate cell –> stimulate phospholipase C and adenyl-cyclase.
Mediated by G-protein

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21
Q

M2 and M4 are inhibitory;

A

act via Gi –> inhibit Phospholipase C and adenyl cyclase

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22
Q

α1 receptors are found at the:

A

Eyes: Pupil dilation and contraction

Arteries and Veins: Vasoconstriction in skin and viscera

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23
Q

α1 and 2 receptors are found at the:

A

Stomach and GI

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24
Q

β1 receptors are found at the:

A

Heart: Increase heart rate and force of breathing

- Positive chronotrophy and inotrophy

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25
Q

β2 receptors are found at the:

A

Arteries and Veins: Vasodilation in skeletal muscle

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26
Q

Muscarinic receptors are found at the:

A

Sweat glands: secretion

Piloreceptor

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27
Q

Parasympathetic Nerves:

A

Originate in cranial-sacral regions of spinal cord

Synapse in ganglia/plexuses close to end-organs

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28
Q

Pre-ganglionic neurons:

A

Release ACh onto nAChR on post-ganglionic neurons

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29
Q

Post-ganglionic neurons:

A

Release ACh onto muscarinic receptors at end organs

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30
Q

S L U D G E

A 
Salvation
Lacrimation 
Urination 
Defecation 
Gastro-
Emisis
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31
Q

B B B

A

Bronchorrhea
Bronchospasm
Bradycardia

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32
Q

D U M B E L L S

A 
Diarrhea/ diaphoresis (sweating)
Urination 
Miosis
Bronchorrhea 
Bronchospasm
Bradycardia 
Emesis
Lacrimation 
Salvation
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33
Q

Accomodation:

A

Blurred vision

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34
Q

Parasympathetic system initiate short vision. T/F

A

True

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35
Q

Myriasis:

A

Widening of pupil

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36
Q

The PSNS innervates blood vessels. T/F

A

False

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37
Q

What would you expect is muscarinic receptors are antagonised?

Administration of Atropine

A

SLUDGE

Reduction in lacrimation
Reduction in salvation 
	*Anticholinergic effects 
Reduction in urination --> urinary retention 
Reduction in defecation
Reduction in mucous production
Slight tachycardia (reflexes) 
Increased ability to breathe
 --> useful for asthma treatment
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38
Q

Originate in thoracic-lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Synapse….

A

in paravertebral ganglia, prevertebral ganglia or in adrenal medulla

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39
Q

Pre-ganglionic neurons release…

A

ACh onto nACHR on post-ganglionic neurons

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40
Q

Post-ganglionic neurons release….

A

noradrenaline onto adrenergic receptors on the end organs

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41
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are derived from….

A

catecholamines (tyrosine-derived neurotransmitters)

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42
Q

Preganglionic fibers from the hypothalamus pass though the sympathetic ganglion…

A

Without synapsing into the adrenal medulla

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43
Q

Preganglionic fibers directly synapse onto modified neurons…

A

Chromaffin cells

44
Q

You are stimulating the Sympathetic control centre in a mouse. What do you see?

A

Eyes: Mydriasis
Lungs: Bronchodilation
GI-tract: Constipation
Body weight: Decreases due to high metabolic activity
Heart: Tachycardia. High HR and high contractility.
Blood vessels:
- Skin and viscera: Vasoconstriction
- Skeletal muscles: Vasodilation
- Adrenal gland: Activation, releases adrenaline and noradrenaline

45
Q

Resistance in arteries is dependent on the…

A

Vessel diameter

46
Q

Baroreceptors are stimulated by stretch or high BP, and the activation of PSNS acts to…

A

Lower BP

47
Q

If baroreceptors are stimulated by low BP, and the activation of SNS acts to…

A

Incr. in HR and contractility and vasoconstriction of the skin

  • BP rises

–> Orthostatic reflex

48
Q

Which drugs will cause problems with the orthostatic reflex?

A

Orthostatic hypertension
Adrenergic antagonists; block sympathetic activation
Beta-blockers; block incr. In HR

49
Q

α1 receptors act via:

A

IP3/DAG Gq coupled

50
Q

β1 receptors act via:

A

cAMP, Gs coupled

51
Q

β2 receptors act via:

A

cAMP, Gs coupled

52
Q

Administering adrenaline will cause…

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Decr. HR
  3. BP and contractile force
53
Q

Administering nor-adreanaline will cause

A

NO vasodilation

  1. Incr. peripheral resistance
  2. Decr. HR
54
Q

Sympathomimetic Drugs:

A

Agonists at α1, β1 and β2 receptors

55
Q

Sympatholytic Drugs:

A

Antagonists at α1, β1 and β2 receptors

- α2 agonists

56
Q

Indirect Sympathomimetic Drugs:

A
  • NA uptake inhibitors
  • MAO-inhibitors
  • Amphetamine, ephedrine
57
Q

Adrenaline as a Drug (Epipen or Anapen)

A
  • Release of histamines causes system vasodilation
  • -> Drop in BP and lung oedema

Adrenaline injected via i.m. Will lead to:

  • -> vasodilation in muscle
  • -> vasoconstriction in skin
  • -> Rise in BP and bronchodilation
58
Q

Why not inject Epipen near the fingertips?

A

Adrenaline goes into the arteries, causes arterial dilation, reduction in BP

59
Q

Adrenaline as a Drug (As an addition to local anaesthetics)

A
  • Local anaesthetics block Na+ channels; cannot feel pain or feel pressure
  • Adrenaline is added to local anaesthetics (administered subcutaneously)
  • -> limits diffusion of local anaesthetic by vasoconstriction
60
Q

What happens if both Adrenaline and a local anesthetics is injected i.m. During nose and throat surgery?

A
  1. Vasodilation, –> adrenaline will move towards the heart, incr. HR
  2. Local anaesthetics will distribute through the system.

Decr. HR –> heart block

61
Q

α1 agonists cause… and cannot be administered to…

A

α1 agonists cause an incr. in BP and cannot be administered to someone with high BP

62
Q

α2 agonists are auto-inhibitory. T/F

A

True

63
Q

α2 agonists act to…

A

Lowers arterial pressure by acting on heart and vasculature

Bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, sedation, depression

64
Q

α2 antagonists whilst being useful for treating depression, are often avioided as they cause…

A

Hypertension

65
Q

β1 agonists cause…

A

Incr. in HR and contractility

66
Q

β1 agonists are used to treat…

A

Asthma

67
Q

β-blockers should NOT be administered to someone with ____

A

Asthma

68
Q

Side effects of β-blockers incl.

A

Bradycardia, and inability for the heart to respond to exercise

69
Q

Noradrenaline:

A

Alertness, wakefulness, anti-depressant

70
Q

Dopamine:

A

Pleasure, mediates addiction, movement

71
Q

5-HT Serotonin:

A

Feeling happy, relaxed, calm, motivated, anti-depressant

72
Q

Mirtazapine is an α2 antagonist that…

A

Blocks α2, 5-HT2c, and 5-HT3 receptors and enhances:

NA and 5-HT release

73
Q

Mono Amine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors initiate:

A

Less Na2+ degregation

–> Incr. Na2+ levels

74
Q

Dopamine is also degraded by MAO. T/F

A

True

75
Q

Short-term effects of Amphetamines:

A
  • Exhilaration
  • Hyperactivity
  • Loss of appetite
  • Insomnia
  • Incr. in energy
  • Incr. in talkitivness
76
Q

Long-term effects of Amphetamines:

A
  • Nervousness
  • Irritibility
  • Hallucinations
  • Paranoia
  • Depression
77
Q

Cocaine’s functions via

A

NA re-uptake inhibitor (NAT)

78
Q

Amphatamines functions via

A

Incr. NA release

NA re-uptake activity

79
Q

Chonidine is an

A

alpha2-agonist

80
Q

Prazosin is an

A

alpha1 antagonist

81
Q

Propanolol is a

A

Non-selective beta-receptor antagonist

82
Q

Neurotransmitter mechanism:

A
  1. An action potential is propagated to the terminal of a presynaptic neuron
  2. Ca2+ enters the presynaptic terminal
  3. Neurotransmitter is released via exocytosis
  4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor on post-synaptic neuron
  5. Specific ion channels open in the sub-synaptic membrane
83
Q

mydriasis is the…

A

Dilation of the pupil

84
Q

Acetyl CoA and choline undergo…

A

Choline acetyltransferase to become Acetylcholine and CoA

85
Q

All effects within the parasympathetic NS are innervated by the…

A

Muscarinic receptor

86
Q

Muscarine can stimulate what nerve?

A

Muscarine can stimulate the vagus nerve

87
Q

Atropine can inhibit muscarinic effects as it is an…

A

muscarinic antagonist

88
Q

Atropine prevents vagual reflexes. T/F

A

True

89
Q

The 2 main neurotransmitters in the ANS are:

A

Acetylcholine and noradrenaline

90
Q

All postganglionic parasympathetic fibres release

acetylcholine, which acts on muscarinic receptors. T/F

A

True

91
Q

Preganglionic neurons are…

A

cholinergic, and ganglionic

transmission occurs via nicotinic ACh receptors

92
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are…

A

cholinergic,

acting on muscarinic receptors in target organs

93
Q

Proliferation of receptors.

A

The number of acetylcholine receptors increases

20-fold or more after denervation;

94
Q

Loss of mechanisms for transmitter removal:

A

At noradrenergic synapses, the loss of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline
contributes substantially to denervation supersensitivity.

95
Q

At cholinergic synapses…

A

there is a partial loss of cholinesterase occurs

96
Q

Noradrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals often lie

close together in the…

A

myenteric plexus

97
Q

VMAT:

A

Nesicular monoamine transporter.

98
Q

VMAT is responsible for…

A

Noradrenaline uptake into nerve terminals and used a transvesicular proton gradient as its driving force.

99
Q

Reserpine blocks VMAT and causes…

A

Nerve terminals to become depleted of their vesicular nor-adrenaline storage units.

100
Q

Adrenorecepors all belong to the….

A

GPCR family

101
Q

Anaphaylaxis is treated with…

A

Adrenaline

102
Q

Prazosin is an…

A

a1 antagonist, used to treat hypertension`

103
Q

Heart attacks can be treated with…

A

beta-adrenoteceptor antagonists

104
Q

Drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission act either by…

A
  1. Inhibiting cholinesterase

2. Increasing ACh release

105
Q

Antagonist binds to…

A

Resting and non-resting state

BIOM2402 (4 decks)

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