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BIOM2402 > The Autonomic NS > Flashcards

The Autonomic NS Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the ANS:

A

Homeostasis

Intrinsic activity of tissue

Regulates body temp, cardiovascular activity, respiratory functions, digestive functions

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2
Q

The ANS is organised into…

A

Ganglions, nerves, and plexuses

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3
Q

The hypothalamus controls:

A

Water balance

Food intake

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4
Q

The brainstem controls:

A

Respiration

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5
Q

The hypothalamus AND brain stem control the:

A

Body temperature

Vasomotor control of blood pressure

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6
Q

The ANS is dependant on signalling from the

A

Periphery (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors)
and;
Cortex-thalamus-hypothalamus

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7
Q

What functions to keep people alive in the vegetative state?

A

The medulla

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8
Q

Thalamus:

A

Relay station and processing centre for sensory information

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9
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

Controls emotions, hormone production, and autonomic functions

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10
Q

Medulla Oblongata:

A

Relay station for sensory information to thalamus and to other parts of the brainstem.

Autonomic centres for regulation or visceral functions (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive activity)

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11
Q

Skeletal muscle is part of the somatic system, innervated by 1 motor neuron:

A

Releases Ach –> Nicotinic Ach receptors –> Normuscular emplate

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12
Q

Visceral organs are innervated by 2 motor neurons, 1 preganglionic neuron, and 2 postganglionic neuron:

A

Preganglionic neuron synapses with either a sympathetic or a parasympathetic ganglion –> releases Ach –> nicotinincACh receptor on postganglionic neuron

2nd post ganglionic neuron (dependant on what ANS function is being used)

Sympathetic –> noradrenaline

Parasympathetic –> ACh –> muscarinic receptors

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13
Q

The second motor neuron is auto-inhibitory. T/F

A

True

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14
Q

Muscle excitation is due to…

A

An influx of Na2+ and Ca2+ into the cells

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15
Q

Nicotine stimulates…

A

All ANS functions:

  1. Somatic efferent
  2. Sympathetic
  3. Parasympathetic
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16
Q

Nicotine and ACh are agonists at the…

A

Nicotinic receptor

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17
Q

ACh, muscarine, carbachol are agonists at the…

A

Muscarinic receptors

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18
Q

Nicotinic receptors are ligand gated. T/F

A

True

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19
Q

Muscarinic receptors are GPCRs. T/F

A

True

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20
Q

M1,3,5 are all stimulatory receptors –>

A

Will stimulate cell –> stimulate phospholipase C and adenyl-cyclase.
Mediated by G-protein

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21
Q

M2 and M4 are inhibitory;

A

act via Gi –> inhibit Phospholipase C and adenyl cyclase

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22
Q

α1 receptors are found at the:

A

Eyes: Pupil dilation and contraction

Arteries and Veins: Vasoconstriction in skin and viscera

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23
Q

α1 and 2 receptors are found at the:

A

Stomach and GI

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24
Q

β1 receptors are found at the:

A

Heart: Increase heart rate and force of breathing

- Positive chronotrophy and inotrophy

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25
β2 receptors are found at the:
Arteries and Veins: Vasodilation in skeletal muscle
26
Muscarinic receptors are found at the:
Sweat glands: secretion | Piloreceptor
27
Parasympathetic Nerves:
Originate in cranial-sacral regions of spinal cord | Synapse in ganglia/plexuses close to end-organs
28
Pre-ganglionic neurons:
Release ACh onto nAChR on post-ganglionic neurons
29
Post-ganglionic neurons:
Release ACh onto muscarinic receptors at end organs
30
S L U D G E
``` Salvation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Gastro- Emisis ```
31
B B B
Bronchorrhea Bronchospasm Bradycardia
32
D U M B E L L S
``` Diarrhea/ diaphoresis (sweating) Urination Miosis Bronchorrhea Bronchospasm Bradycardia Emesis Lacrimation Salvation ```
33
Accomodation:
Blurred vision
34
Parasympathetic system initiate short vision. T/F
True
35
Myriasis:
Widening of pupil
36
The PSNS innervates blood vessels. T/F
False
37
What would you expect is muscarinic receptors are antagonised? Administration of Atropine
SLUDGE ``` Reduction in lacrimation Reduction in salvation *Anticholinergic effects Reduction in urination --> urinary retention Reduction in defecation Reduction in mucous production Slight tachycardia (reflexes) Increased ability to breathe --> useful for asthma treatment ```
38
Originate in thoracic-lumbar regions of the spinal cord | Synapse....
in paravertebral ganglia, prevertebral ganglia or in adrenal medulla
39
Pre-ganglionic neurons release...
ACh onto nACHR on post-ganglionic neurons
40
Post-ganglionic neurons release....
noradrenaline onto adrenergic receptors on the end organs
41
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are derived from....
catecholamines (tyrosine-derived neurotransmitters)
42
Preganglionic fibers from the hypothalamus pass though the sympathetic ganglion...
Without synapsing into the adrenal medulla
43
Preganglionic fibers directly synapse onto modified neurons...
Chromaffin cells
44
You are stimulating the Sympathetic control centre in a mouse. What do you see?
Eyes: Mydriasis Lungs: Bronchodilation GI-tract: Constipation Body weight: Decreases due to high metabolic activity Heart: Tachycardia. High HR and high contractility. Blood vessels: - Skin and viscera: Vasoconstriction - Skeletal muscles: Vasodilation - Adrenal gland: Activation, releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
45
Resistance in arteries is dependent on the...
Vessel diameter
46
Baroreceptors are stimulated by stretch or high BP, and the activation of PSNS acts to...
Lower BP
47
If baroreceptors are stimulated by low BP, and the activation of SNS acts to...
Incr. in HR and contractility and vasoconstriction of the skin - BP rises --> Orthostatic reflex
48
Which drugs will cause problems with the orthostatic reflex?
Orthostatic hypertension Adrenergic antagonists; block sympathetic activation Beta-blockers; block incr. In HR
49
α1 receptors act via:
IP3/DAG Gq coupled
50
β1 receptors act via:
cAMP, Gs coupled
51
β2 receptors act via:
cAMP, Gs coupled
52
Administering adrenaline will cause...
1. Vasodilation 2. Decr. HR 3. BP and contractile force
53
Administering nor-adreanaline will cause
NO vasodilation 1. Incr. peripheral resistance 2. Decr. HR
54
Sympathomimetic Drugs:
Agonists at α1, β1 and β2 receptors
55
Sympatholytic Drugs:
Antagonists at α1, β1 and β2 receptors | - α2 agonists
56
Indirect Sympathomimetic Drugs:
- NA uptake inhibitors - MAO-inhibitors - Amphetamine, ephedrine
57
Adrenaline as a Drug (Epipen or Anapen)
* Release of histamines causes system vasodilation - -> Drop in BP and lung oedema Adrenaline injected via i.m. Will lead to: - -> vasodilation in muscle - -> vasoconstriction in skin - -> Rise in BP and bronchodilation
58
Why not inject Epipen near the fingertips?
Adrenaline goes into the arteries, causes arterial dilation, reduction in BP
59
Adrenaline as a Drug (As an addition to local anaesthetics)
- Local anaesthetics block Na+ channels; cannot feel pain or feel pressure - Adrenaline is added to local anaesthetics (administered subcutaneously) - -> limits diffusion of local anaesthetic by vasoconstriction
60
What happens if both Adrenaline and a local anesthetics is injected i.m. During nose and throat surgery?
1. Vasodilation, --> adrenaline will move towards the heart, incr. HR 2. Local anaesthetics will distribute through the system. Decr. HR --> heart block
61
α1 agonists cause... and cannot be administered to...
α1 agonists cause an incr. in BP and cannot be administered to someone with high BP
62
α2 agonists are auto-inhibitory. T/F
True
63
α2 agonists act to...
Lowers arterial pressure by acting on heart and vasculature Bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, sedation, depression
64
α2 antagonists whilst being useful for treating depression, are often avioided as they cause...
Hypertension
65
β1 agonists cause...
Incr. in HR and contractility
66
β1 agonists are used to treat...
Asthma
67
β-blockers should NOT be administered to someone with ____
Asthma
68
Side effects of β-blockers incl.
Bradycardia, and inability for the heart to respond to exercise
69
Noradrenaline:
Alertness, wakefulness, anti-depressant
70
Dopamine:
Pleasure, mediates addiction, movement
71
5-HT Serotonin:
Feeling happy, relaxed, calm, motivated, anti-depressant
72
Mirtazapine is an α2 antagonist that...
Blocks α2, 5-HT2c, and 5-HT3 receptors and enhances: | NA and 5-HT release
73
Mono Amine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors initiate:
Less Na2+ degregation | --> Incr. Na2+ levels
74
Dopamine is also degraded by MAO. T/F
True
75
Short-term effects of Amphetamines:
- Exhilaration - Hyperactivity - Loss of appetite - Insomnia - Incr. in energy - Incr. in talkitivness
76
Long-term effects of Amphetamines:
- Nervousness - Irritibility - Hallucinations - Paranoia - Depression
77
Cocaine's functions via
NA re-uptake inhibitor (NAT)
78
Amphatamines functions via
Incr. NA release | NA re-uptake activity
79
Chonidine is an
alpha2-agonist
80
Prazosin is an
alpha1 antagonist
81
Propanolol is a
Non-selective beta-receptor antagonist
82
Neurotransmitter mechanism:
1. An action potential is propagated to the terminal of a presynaptic neuron 2. Ca2+ enters the presynaptic terminal 3. Neurotransmitter is released via exocytosis 4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor on post-synaptic neuron 5. Specific ion channels open in the sub-synaptic membrane
83
mydriasis is the...
Dilation of the pupil
84
Acetyl CoA and choline undergo...
Choline acetyltransferase to become Acetylcholine and CoA
85
All effects within the parasympathetic NS are innervated by the...
Muscarinic receptor
86
Muscarine can stimulate what nerve?
Muscarine can stimulate the vagus nerve
87
Atropine can inhibit muscarinic effects as it is an...
muscarinic antagonist
88
Atropine prevents vagual reflexes. T/F
True
89
The 2 main neurotransmitters in the ANS are:
Acetylcholine and noradrenaline
90
All postganglionic parasympathetic fibres release | acetylcholine, which acts on muscarinic receptors. T/F
True
91
Preganglionic neurons are...
cholinergic, and ganglionic | transmission occurs via nicotinic ACh receptors
92
Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are...
cholinergic, | acting on muscarinic receptors in target organs
93
Proliferation of receptors.
The number of acetylcholine receptors increases | 20-fold or more after denervation;
94
Loss of mechanisms for transmitter removal:
At noradrenergic synapses, the loss of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline contributes substantially to denervation supersensitivity.
95
At cholinergic synapses...
there is a partial loss of cholinesterase occurs
96
Noradrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals often lie | close together in the...
myenteric plexus
97
VMAT:
Nesicular monoamine transporter.
98
VMAT is responsible for...
Noradrenaline uptake into nerve terminals and used a transvesicular proton gradient as its driving force.
99
Reserpine blocks VMAT and causes...
Nerve terminals to become depleted of their vesicular nor-adrenaline storage units.
100
Adrenorecepors all belong to the....
GPCR family
101
Anaphaylaxis is treated with...
Adrenaline
102
Prazosin is an...
a1 antagonist, used to treat hypertension`
103
Heart attacks can be treated with...
beta-adrenoteceptor antagonists
104
Drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission act either by...
1. Inhibiting cholinesterase | 2. Increasing ACh release
105
Antagonist binds to...
Resting and non-resting state

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