The Autonomic nervous system and Nurotransmitters

Question 1

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.

a. inactivation of acetylcholine is fairly slow
b. preganglionic fibres are long
c. postganglionic fibres are short
d. adrenalin is secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

Answer 1

d. adrenalin is secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

Question 2

Autonomic ganglia contain ________.

a. the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons
b. synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors
c. the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
d. synpases between upper and lower motor neurons

Answer 2

c. the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

Question 3

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.
A) parasympathetic innervation
B) sympathetic stimulation
C) vagus nerve activity
D) neurosecretory substances

Answer 3

B) sympathetic stimulation

Question 4

In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system uses ________.

A) a two efferent neuron chain
B) a two afferent neuron chain
C) no acetylcholine
D) both afferent and efferent fibers equally

Answer 4

A) a two efferent neuron chain

Question 5

Preparing the body for the ʺfight-or-flightʺ response is the role of the ________.
A) sympathetic nervous system
B) cerebrum
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system

Answer 5

A) sympathetic nervous system

Question 6

The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by peripheral ganglia usually near the
________.

A) organs and by short postganglionic fibers
B) organs and by long postganglionic fibers
C) spinal cord and by short postganglionic fibers
D) spinal cord and by long postganglionic fibers

Answer 6

A) organs and by short postganglionic fibers

Question 7

A drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be
________.
A) anticholinesterase
B) epinephrine
C) norepinephrine
D) a beta-blocker

Answer 7

D) a beta-blocker

Question 8

The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________.
A) ciliary ganglion
B) pterygopalatine ganglion
C) submandibular ganglion
D) otic ganglion

Answer 8

A) ciliary ganglion

Question 9

Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________.

A) constriction of most blood vessels

B) dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles

C) increase of heart rate and force

D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

Answer 9

D) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera

Question 10

Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve number ________.
A) V
B) VII
C) X
D) XII

Answer 10

C) X

Question 11

The ʺresting and digestingʺ division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.
A) parasympathetic division
B) sympathetic division
C) somatic division
D) peripheral nervous system

Answer 11

A) parasympathetic division

Question 12

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the
________.
A) medulla
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus

Answer 12

C) hypothalamus

Question 13

Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
A) smooth muscle
B) cardiac muscle
C) skeletal muscle
D) most glands

Answer 13

C) skeletal muscle

Question 14

Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

A) salivation
B) dilation of the pupils
C) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera
D) elimination of urine

Answer 14

B) dilation of the pupils

Question 15

The site of origin of the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system is the
________.

A) thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
B) higher brain centers
C) sympathetic chain
D) brain stem and the sacral region of the spinal cord

Answer 15

D) brain stem and the sacral region of the spinal cord

Question 16

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.

A) inactivation of ACh is fairly slow
B) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
C) preganglionic fibers are short
D) preganglionic fibers are long

Answer 16

B) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

Question 17

Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebrae?
A) second cervical
B) third lumbar
C) first coccyx
D) first thoracic

Answer 17

D) first thoracic

Question 18

The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye which
cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision.

A) optic
B) oculomotor
C) trochlear
D) abducens

Answer 18

B) oculomotor

Question 19

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called
________.

A) white rami communicantes
B) gray rami communicantes
C) spinal nerves
D) splanchnic nerves

Answer 19

D) splanchnic nerves

Question 20

Which is not a plexus of the vagus nerve?
A) cardiac
B) pulmonary
C) celiac
D) esophageal

Answer 20

C) celiac

Question 21

Beta-blockers ________.
a. are potent antidepressants
b. have widespread sympathetic effects
c. increase a dangerously low heart rate
d. decrease heart rate and blood pressure

Answer 21

d. decrease heart rate and blood pressure

Question 22

Which of the following is not an effect of sympathetic stimulation?

a. increased rate of heart contractions
b. dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and kidneys
c. dilation of the blood vessels serving the skeletal muscles
d. increased strength of heart contractions

Answer 22

b. dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and kidneys

Question 23

Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X contain:

a. postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system
b. preganglionic fibres of the parasymapthetic nervous system
c. postganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system
d. preganglionic fibres of the symapthetic nervous system

Answer 23

b. preganglionic fibres of the parasymapthetic nervous system

Question 24

The “resting and digesting” division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.

a. peripheral nervous system
b. somatic division
c. parasympathetic division
d. sympathetic division

Answer 24

c. parasympathetic division

Question 25

How would an attack by a mugger affect blood pressure? a. Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. b. Blood pressure would increase due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. c. Blood pressure would decrease due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. d. Blood pressure would decrease due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. c. Blood pressure would increase due to vagal nerve stimulation.

Answer 25

a. Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Question 26

Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system? a. skeletal muscle b. most glands c. cardiac muscle d. smooth muscle

Answer 26

a. skeletal muscle

Question 27

Parasympathetic functions include ________. a. lens accommodation for close vision b. mobilizing storage energy sources c. allowing the body to cope with an external threat d. a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction

Answer 27

a. lens accommodation for close vision

Question 28

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________. a. decreased blood glucose and increased heart rate and blood pressure b. increased blood glucose and decreased heart rate and blood pressure c. increased blood glucose and increased heart rate and blood pressure d. decreased blood glucose and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Answer 28

c. increased blood glucose and increased heart rate and blood pressure

Question 29

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? a. noradrenalin b. cholinesterase c. gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) d. acetylcholine

Answer 29

d. acetylcholine

Question 30

An inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter is: a. Acetylcholine b. GABA c. Noradrenalin d. Glutamate

Answer 30

b. GABA

Question 31

Which of the following is not an adrenergic receptor? a. Alpha b. Beta 1 c. Beta 2 d. Muscarinic

Answer 31

d. Muscarinic

Question 32

The neurotransmitter released at a sympathetic autonomic ganglion is: a. GABA b. Noradrenalin c. Acetylcholine d. Adrenalin

Answer 32

c. Acetylcholine

Question 33

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? a. acetycholine b. nucleic acid c. Peptides/neuropeptides d. biogenic amines (monoamines) e. amino acid

Answer 33

b. nucleic acid

Question 34

Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________. a. inferior colliculus b. lateral geniculate of the thalamus c. hypothalamus d. lateral horn of the spinal cord

Answer 34

c. hypothalamus

Question 35

Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter? a. Noradrenalin b. GABA c. Acetylcholine d. Sodium

Answer 35

d. Sodium

Question 36

Which of the following statements is true? a. Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of sympathetic division are located in spinal cord only; cell bodies of parasympathetic division are in brain only. b. Sympathetic ganglia contain neuron cell bodies; parasympathetic ganglia contain neuron terminals only. c. Sympathetic ganglia are close to the spinal cord; parasympathetic ganglia are close to visceral organs served. d. Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.

Answer 36

c. Sympathetic ganglia are close to the spinal cord; parasympathetic ganglia are close to visceral organs served.

Question 37

Commands which modifiy the functions of autonomic effectors originate from the: a. primary motor cortex b. hypothalamus c. thalamus d. somatosensory cortex

Answer 37

b. hypothalamus

Question 38

Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________. A) visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons B) somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not possess C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons D) visceral arcs do not use integration centers

Answer 38

C) visceral arcs involve two motor neurons

Question 39

The parasympathetic tone ________. A) prevents unnecessary heart deceleration B) accelerates activity of the digestive tract C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract D) causes blood pressure to rise

Answer 39

C) determines normal activity of the urinary tract

Question 40

The autonomic nervous system ________. A) cannot be self-controlled B) has one primary division C) is not affected by drugs D) is directly controlled by the reticular formation of the brain stem

Answer 40

D) is directly controlled by the reticular formation of the brain stem

Question 41

The white rami communicantes ________. A) are found only in the C1-T1 cord segments B) are unmyelinated C) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain D) carry postganglionic fibers to the periphery

Answer 41

C) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain

Question 42

Erection of the penis or clitoris ________. A) is primarily under sympathetic control B) is primarily under parasympathetic control C) is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input D) depends very little on autonomic activation

Answer 42

B) is primarily under parasympathetic control

Question 43

Which is a uniquely sympathetic function? A) regulation of pupil size B) regulation of cardiac rate C) regulation of respiratory rate D) regulation of body temperature

Answer 43

D) regulation of body temperature

Question 44

Raynaudʹs disease ________. A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities B) is induced by heat stress C) occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord D) is frequently life-threatening

Answer 44

A) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities

Question 45

Autonomic dysreflexia ________. A) is also known as autonomic areflexia B) involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons C) usually precedes spinal shock D) results from overexcitatory input from the cortex

Answer 45

B) involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons

Question 46

In Hornerʹs Syndrome ________. A) sympathetic innervation of a segment of the colon fails to develop B) blood flow to the extremities is irregular C) a vagotomy is required to reverse the pathology D) damage to the sympathetic trunk causes loss of ability to sweat on one side

Answer 46

D) damage to the sympathetic trunk causes loss of ability to sweat on one side

Question 47

In aging, autonomic inefficiency is often due to ________. A) clogging of preganglionic axon terminals with filaments B) cerebral hemorrhage C) major loss of axons D) peripheral vascular changes

Answer 47

A) clogging of preganglionic axon terminals with filaments

Question 48

Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the ________. A) craniosacral regions, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine B) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine C) craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine D) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

Answer 48

D) thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

Question 49

32.Where would you not find an autonomic ganglion? A) in the head B) in the cervical region C) close to the visceral effectors they serve D) in the armpit

Answer 49

D) in the armpit

Question 50

33.Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________. A) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure B) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure D) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Answer 50

C) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

Question 51

34.The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________. A) lumbar splanchnic nerves B) cephalic plexus C) pelvic nerves D) tenth cranial nerve

Answer 51

D) tenth cranial nerve

Question 52

35.The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is the ________. A) sympathetic trunk B) phrenic nerve C) vagus nerve D) sacral nerve

Answer 52

C) vagus nerve

Question 53

36.Parasympathetic functions include ________. A) a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction B) allowing the body to cope with an external threat C) lense accomodation for close vision D) mobilizing storage energy sources

Answer 53

C) lense accomodation for close vision

Question 54

37.All preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release ________. A) dopamine B) serotonin C) the same transmitter as the only one released by the sympathetic postganglionic axons D) the same transmitter as the one released by parasympathetic postganglionic axons

Answer 54

D) the same transmitter as the one released by parasympathetic postganglionic axons

Question 55

39.The possibility of some control over autonomic responses is demonstrated by ________. A) split brain studies B) stress-induced hypertension C) biofeedback D) nightmares

Answer 55

C) biofeedback

Question 56

40.The vagus nerve does not innervate the ________. A) pancreas B) kidneys C) parotid gland D) gallbladder

Answer 56

C) parotid gland