The Art of Public Speaking, Chapters 1-10 Flashcards
Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.
stage fright
A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.
adrenaline
Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for their presentation.
positive nervousness
Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures themselves giving a successful presentation.
visualization
Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.
critical thinking
The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.
speaker
Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.
message
The means by which a message is communicated.
channel
The person who receives the speaker’s message.
listener
The sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same ___.
frame of reference
The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.
feedback
Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.
interference
The time and place in which speech communication occurs.
situation
The belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
ethnocentrism
The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
ethics
Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.
ethical decisions
The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.
name-calling
The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution.
Bill of Rights
Presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own.
plagiarism
Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own.
global plagiarism
Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own.
patchwork plagiarism
Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.
incremental plagiarism
To restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words.
paraphrase
The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.
hearing
Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
listening
Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.
appreciative listening
Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.
empathic listening
Listening to understand the message of a speaker.
comprehensive listening
Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.
critical listening
The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-150 wpm) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-800 wpm).
spare “brain time”
An outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.
key-word outline
The subject of a speech.
topic
A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.
brainstorming
The broad goal of a speech.
general purpose
A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in their speech.
specific purpose
A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.
central idea
What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.
residual message
Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.
audience-centeredness
A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.
identification
The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.
egocentrism
Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.
demographic audience analysis
Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually assuming that all members o the group are alike.
stereotyping
Audience analysis that focusses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.
situational audience analysis
A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
attitude
Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.
fixed-alternative questions
Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.
scale questions
Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.
open-ended questions
A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.
catalogue
A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.
call number
A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines.
periodical database
A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other that the original author.
abstract
A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.
reference work
A comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge.
general encyclopedia
A comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc.
special encyclopedia
A reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year.
yearbook
A reference work that provides information about people.
biographical aid
A search engine that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.
virtual library
An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.
sponsoring organization
An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.
research interview
A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.
preliminary biography
The materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
supporting materials
A specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.
example
A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
brief example
A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
extended example
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.
hypothetical example
Numerical data.
statistics
The average value of a group of numbers
mean
The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.
median
The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
mode
Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.
testimony
Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.
expert testimony
Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.
peer testimony
Testimony that is presented word for word
direct quotation
To restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words.
paraphrase
Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
quoting out of context
Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.
strategic organization
The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points.
main points
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
chronological order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.
spatial order
A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.
causal order
A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
problem-solution order
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
topical order
The materials used to support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
supporting materials
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.
connective
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
transition
A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.
internal preview
A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding point(s).
internal summary
A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focusses attention on key ideas.
signpost
A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.
rhetorical question
The audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
credibility
The audience’s perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.
goodwill
A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.
preview statement
A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.
crescendo ending
A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.
dissolve ending
A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
preparation outline
The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker’s ideas.
visual framework
A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.
bibliography
A brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech.
speaking outline
Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how they want to deliver key parts of a speech.
delivery cues
