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MH - 23PSY-2AL-D1 > The Approaches: The Learning Approaches 2024/2025 > Flashcards

The Approaches: The Learning Approaches 2024/2025 Flashcards

1
Q

Name two learning approaches

A

Behaviourism and Social Learning Theory

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2
Q

Identify 3 assumptions of the behaviourist approach

A
  1. Humans are born as a blank slate
  2. All behaviour is learnt from the environment
  3. Free will is not possible
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3
Q

Where do behaviourists say behaviour is learnt from?

A

Environment

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4
Q

Why do behaviourists believe animals can replace humans in research?

A

As they learn in the same way

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5
Q

What are the two main theories of behaviourism?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

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6
Q

Classical conditioning is where we learn through…

A

Association

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7
Q

Operant conditioning is where we learn through…

A

Consequence (reinforcement and punishments)

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8
Q

Learning through association is known as…

A

Classical conditioning

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9
Q

Learning through consequence is known as…

A

Operant conditioning

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10
Q

Tim picks up rubbish in his school playground. His teacher gives him a gold star.

What type of reinforcement is this an example of?

A

Positive reinforcement

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11
Q

Positive reinforcement means the behaviour is _______________ to be repeated

A

Likely

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12
Q

Negative reinforcement means the behaviour is ______________ to be repeated

A

Likely

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13
Q

Punishment means the behaviour is ________________ to be repeated

A

Unlikely

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14
Q

Tim completes his Brainscape decks to avoid his teacher shouting at him so badly it makes him question his decision to take Psychology in the first place.

How would behaviourists explain this behaviour?

A

Negative reinforcement

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15
Q

According to positive reinforcement, WHY is behaviour likely to be REPEATED?

A

To receive the same reward

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16
Q

According to negative reinforcement, WHY is a behaviour likely to be REPEATED

A

To avoid a negative consequence

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17
Q

Which researcher is responsible for investigating classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov

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18
Q

In Pavlov’s research, what was unconditioned stimulus?

A

The food

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19
Q

In Pavlov’s research, what was the unconditioned response?

A

The dog salivating

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20
Q

In Pavlov’s research, what was the bell?

A

Neutral stimulus

21
Q

In Pavlov’s research, who were the participants?

A

Dogs

22
Q

During Pavlov’s research, what did the dogs learn to associate?

A

The food (UCS) + the bell (NS)

23
Q

What became the conditioned response?

A

Salivation

24
Q

What was the conditioned stimulus?

A

The bell

25
Q

Which researcher investigated operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

26
Q

How were rats positive reinforced in Skinner’s research?

A

Every time they pulled a lever, they were given food

27
Q

How were rats negatively reinforced in Skinner’s research

A

Pulling the lever stopped the electric current in the floor

28
Q

Positive reinforcement is the only type of reinforcement which increases the likelihood of behaviour being repeated.

True or false

A

False - negative reinforcement ALSO increases the likelihood the behaviour will be repeated

29
Q

AO3: If behaviourists believe all behaviour is controlled by stimulus, response, and association, how could this be criticised?

A

Determinism (environmental)

30
Q

AO3: What are two practical applications of the behaviourist approach?

A

Systematic desensitisation and flooding (treatments of phobias)

31
Q

AO3: How could Pavlov and Skinner research be criticised?

A

Animal bias

32
Q

AO3: What does behaviourism reduce human behaviour down to?

A

Stimulus, response and association

33
Q

Social learning theory was proposed by which researcher?

A

Bandura

34
Q

Social learning theory assumes behavioural learning is through …

A

Observation and imitation of a model

35
Q

Social learning theory proposed another type of reinforcement…

What is this called?

A

Vicarious reinforcement

36
Q

Name two FEATURES of the social learning theory

A

Observational learning + the mediational processes

37
Q

What does ARRM in the mediational processes refer to?

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation (or reinforcements)

38
Q

The mediational processes occur between _________ and _________

A

Stimulus (observation) and response (imitation)

39
Q

AO3: What is one strength of Bandura’s research into SLT

A

Scientific methods

40
Q

AO3: What makes Bandura’s bobo dolls study scientific?

A

High control over extraneous variables (using the same model in both conditions)

41
Q

AO3: How was one extraneous variable controlled by Bandura

A

Using the same model in both conditions

42
Q

What did Bandura’s research find?

A

Children in the aggressive condition had significantly higher physical and verbal aggression

43
Q

Why is the behaviourist explanation of human behaviour criticised for being environmental deterministic?

A

This is because the approach states that an individual’s behaviour is only controlled by external factors such as learning through stimulus, response and association (classical conditioning) or being rewarded for a behaviour (operant conditioning) that inevitably cause behaviour.

44
Q

What does the behaviouristic approach neglect?

A

Therefore, this neglects the role of free will, and choice that individuals have; this could leave individuals feeling like they have no control over their behaviour. Limiting the appropriateness of the behaviourist explanation of human behaviour.

45
Q

Why is the behaviourist explanation of human behaviour an important part of applied Psychology?

A

The principles of the theory, that behaviour is caused by classical conditioning has led to the treatment of systematic desensitisation.

46
Q

What is systematic desensitisation effective in treating?

A

This is effective in treating phobias by helping the individual to unlearn their maladaptive association to a phobic stimulus by gradually exposing them to their phobia whilst they apply relaxation techniques.

47
Q

Why is the behaviourist explanation of human behaviour criticised for being environmental reductionist?

A

This is because the approach reduces complex human behaviour down to simple basic units for example, learning through stimulus, response and association (classical conditioning) or rewards and reinforcements (operant conditioning).

48
Q

what does the behaviourist explanation of human behaviour neglect?

A

This neglects a holistic approach, which would take in to account how a person’s culture and social context would influence and explain human behaviour.

49
Q

What does the behaviourist explanation of human behaviour lack?

A

Therefore, the behaviourist explanation of human behaviour may lack validity, as it does not allow us to understand the behaviour in context.

MH - 23PSY-2AL-D1 (5 decks)

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