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Neurones and Synapses > The Anatomy of the Somatic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Anatomy of the Somatic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system

A

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What are the 2 directions of signalling in nerves

A

Afferent (towards the CNS away from PNS)
Efferent (away from CNS towards PNS)

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3
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily processes

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4
Q

Why does only the efferent nervous system divide into somatic and autonomic systems

A

The effects carried by the efferent system can be voluntary or involuntary - somatic or autonomic

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5
Q

Describe the structure of the CNS (3 points)

A
  • Made up of brain and spinal cord (encased in meninges)
  • Both brain and spinal cord are in Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Most superficial layer is the cranium and Vertebral column
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6
Q

What is Meninges

A

A layer of connective tissue which acts as a membrane around the brain and spinal cord.

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7
Q

What are the 3 meninges

A
  • Dura mater
  • Dura Arachnoid
  • Pia matter
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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of the PNS

A
  • connects CNS to its target organs and tissues
  • Connects sensory organs to CNS
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9
Q

What does the PNS include

A
  • 31 spinal nerve pairs
  • 12 cranial nerve pairs
  • Ganglia
  • Nerve plexuses
  • Enteric nervous system
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10
Q

What are the percentages of neurones and glial cells that make up the nervous system

A
  • Around 10% neurones
  • Around 90% Glial cells
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11
Q

Describe the microanatomy of a neurone

A
  • 1 cell body (perikaryon)
  • Usually, 1 axon
  • Many (axon) terminals
  • Many dendrites
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12
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurons

A

Multipolar - Motor/Efferent
Bipolar - Relay or special sense
Pseudo-unipolar - Sensory

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13
Q

What are Glial cells (2 points)

A
  • most common cell type in CNS
  • create optimum microenvironment for neuronal activity
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14
Q

What are the 4 types of Glial cells

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal
  • Oligodendrocytes
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15
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes (5 points)

A
  • Contribute to blood brain barrier
  • Structural and metabolic support
  • May cause Gliomas
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16
Q

What is the structure of an astrocyte (2 points)

A
  • star shaped
  • most abundant type of glial cell
17
Q

What are the functions of microglia

A
  • Immune function and phagocytosis
  • Maintaining brain homeostasis
  • dysregulation can cause neurological disease
18
Q

What are the functions of epydymal cells

A
19
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes

A
  • Myelinate neurones in the CNS
  • Provide metabolic support
20
Q

What are the functions of Schwann cells

A
  • Myelinate neurones in the PNS
  • Provide metabolic support
21
Q

What is myelin

A

A lipid sheath created by glial cells which surround the axon of a neurone

22
Q

What does myelin do

A
  • Increases speed of conduction
  • Provides protection
  • structural support
23
Q

findit@bham.ac.uk What makes myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes in CNS
Schwann Cells in PNS

24
Q

Describe the structure of axons on non-myelinated neurones

A

Axons are still surrounded by Schwann cells

25
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that is under voluntary control

26
Q

What is proprioception

A

The awareness of our body in 3-dimensional space

27
Q

What is the afferent division of the NS

A

Division that inputs stimuli from the PNS to the CNS

28
Q

Where are the afferent neurones in the body found

A

The dorsal root of the spinal nerve

29
Q

What is the efferent division of the NS

A

The output of the CNS to the PNS

30
Q

Where are efferent neurones found in the body

A

The ventral root of the spinal

31
Q

What processes are afferent neurones in charge of

A

Sensation

32
Q

What processes are efferent neurones in charge of

A

Motor and Musko skeletal movement

33
Q

What do you call an axon bundle

A

A Fascicle

34
Q

What do many fascicles surrounded by 3 protective layers make

A

A nerve

35
Q

What are the 3 protective layers that surround fascicles in a nerve (from closest to fascicles

A
  • Endoneurium
  • Perineurium
  • Epineurium

Neurones and Synapses (6 decks)

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