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anatomy > The alimentary system > Flashcards

The alimentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium does the oesophagus have?

A

Stratified squamous (non-keratinising) epithelium

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2
Q

What is in the submucosa?

A

Connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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3
Q

What happens to the muscularis propria as the oesophagus reaches the stomach?

A

It changes from skeletal muscle in the top 1/3, to mixed in the middle 1/3, to smooth muscle in the bottom

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4
Q

What main structure does the oesophagus lie posterior to?

A

Heart

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5
Q

What muscle does the oesophagus pierce to gain access to the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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6
Q

what anatomical structure do the contents of the oesophagus pass into?

A

stomach

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7
Q

How is reflux prevented?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

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8
Q

Anatomically, where is the stomach located?

A

left hypochondriac and can extend into the epigastric region

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9
Q

Which major branch of the abdominal aorta supplies arterial blood to the stomach?

A

Coeliac trunk

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10
Q

What is unusual about the muscle layers in the stomach wall?

A

3 layers - outer longitudinal, inner circular and innermost oblique layers of smooth muscle

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11
Q

After the stomach plays its part in digestion, what anatomical structure do digestive products pass to?

A

Duodenum

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12
Q

What is produced by the mucous cells and what is the function of that?

A

Mucous! protection of epithelial surfaces from HCl

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13
Q

What is produced by chief cells?

A

Pepsinogen

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14
Q

What is produced by the parietal cells and what is the function of that?

A

HCl, and serves to denature proteins and activates pepsinogen (which in turn converts to pepsin to break specific peptide bonds)

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15
Q

What is produced by the endocrine cells and what is the function of that?

A

Gastrin, and this stimulates pepsinogen and acid production and enhances gut motility

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16
Q

Where do digestive products pass to after the stomach?

A

duodenum

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17
Q

What is the sphincter in the duodenum region called?

A

Sphincter of oddi

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18
Q

What secretions enter the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla?

A

Pancreatic secretions and bile

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19
Q

Where do digestive products pass to after the duodenum?

A

Jejunum

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20
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Exocrine and endocrine secretions

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21
Q

What do the pancreatic secretions do?

A

Exocrine secretions break down peptides and endocrine secretions primarily regulate blood glucose

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22
Q

Where do pancreatic secretions empty?

A

Second part of the duodenum via he sphincter of oddi with bile

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23
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A

4

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24
Q

Anatomically, what terms are used to describe the liver’s location?

A

Right hypochondrium extending into the epigastric region

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25
Q

Approximately what is the weight of a normal liver?

A

1.5kg

26
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Metabolism, storage of glycogen, release of glucose, inactivation of hormones and drugs, excretion of waste, production of bile, platelet production (blood clotting)

27
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver called?

A

Left, right, caudate and quadrate

28
Q

After the stomach plays its part in digestion, what anatomical structure do the digestive products pass to?

A

The duodenum

29
Q

Anatomically, where is the spleen located?

A

Left hypochindrium

30
Q

What is the arterial supply to the spleen?

A

Splenic artery

31
Q

Why is the arterial supply to the spleen so tortuous?

A

To ensure a regular supply instead of being pulsaltile

32
Q

What is the function of the spleen? Can you survive without one?

A

Identifying, removing and destroying old red blood cells. It can also store blood cells and platelets. Yes!

33
Q

What are the main components of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

34
Q

What is the function of the small intestine>

A

Digestion and absorbtion

35
Q

What is the arterial supply to the small intestine?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

36
Q

What epithelial surface specialisations does the small intestine have that helps its function?

A

Villi

37
Q

How would a surgeon differentiate large from a small intestine?

A

The large intestine has omental appendices (fatty tags), hausfrau (sacculations of the bowel wall) and taeni coli (longitudinal bands of muscle)

38
Q

What part of the intestine does the caecum belong to?

A

Large intestine

39
Q

What controls secretions into the caecum?

A

Ileo-caecal valve?

40
Q

What is the role of the caecum?

A

Fluid absorption and the commencement of the fermentation of fibre and lipids, gas production and synthesis of some vitamins

41
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

none

42
Q

What are the different components of the large intestine called?

A

Caecum, appendix, ascending, transverse and descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal

43
Q

What is the arterial supply to the large intestine?

A

Up until the first 2/3 of the transverse colon, this is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.
From there on the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the rest of the large intestine

44
Q

What are the four histological layers of the small intestine?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria and adventitia

45
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

46
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption

47
Q

What surface specialisation is present in the small intestine?

A

villi

48
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

It is a vessel which absorbs fat in the small intestine

49
Q

What two cell types comprise the colonic glands?

A

Absorptive cells and mucous secreting goblet cells

50
Q

Where does faecal material pass to after the colon?

A

Rectum to anal canal to external

51
Q

What are the two types of epithelium found at the recto-anal junction?

A

Simple columnar epithelium and stratified squamous epithelium

52
Q

What are the exocrine secretions of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic enzymes (exopeptidase and endopeptidases)

53
Q

Where do the exocrine secretions pass to to perform their function?

A

Second part of the duodenum

54
Q

What are the endocrine secretions of the pancreas?

A

Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

55
Q

Where to endocrine secretions pass to perform their function?

A

Bloodstream

56
Q

What name is given to the endocrine portion of the pancreas histologically?

A

Islets of Langerhan’s

57
Q

What are liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

58
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Storage and concentration of bile

59
Q

What is the arterial supply to the gall bladder?

A

Cystic artery

60
Q

Wear main vessel dos the specific arterial supply of the gall bladder arise from?

A

Coeliac trunk

61
Q

What are gall stones?

A

Crystallised masses that can contain abundant cholesterol, pigment or a combination of both

anatomy (2 decks)

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