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Anatomy 244 - respiratory system > The Airways > Flashcards

The Airways Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system comprises:

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

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2
Q

Classification:

A

> Upper airways:
Nose
Pharynx
Associated structures.

> Lower airways: 
Larynx 
Trachea 
Bronchi 
Lungs 5
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3
Q

The nose

A
  • Provides an airway for resp.
  • Moistens and warms air
  • Filters inhaled air
  • Resonating chamber for speech
  • Houses olfactory receptors
  • External nose and internal nasal cavity
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4
Q

External nose:

A

Apex and root
-dorsum, nares (nostrils), alae and vestibule

Bony framework
– Nasal part of frontal bone, nasal bones, frontal processes of maxillae and bony parts of nasal septum

Cartilaginous framework
– septal cartilage, 2 lat. nasal cartilages, and 2 alar cartilages

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5
Q

Nasal septum

A
  • 1/2s nasal cavities
  • Found between nares ant. and choanae post.
  • Inf. 2⁄3 of made up of nasal mucosa = Respiratory area, warms
    and moistens air
  • Sup. 1⁄3 = Olfactory area for smell
Components: 
Bony part
-    Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, Cribriform plate and crista 
     galli 
-    Vomer --> Postero-inferior part 
Cartilaginous part 
-	Septal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
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6
Q

Nasal cavity: BoundariesLook at nasal 1 - 7 diagrams

A
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7
Q

Nasal cavity: Boundaries

A

Roof:
Nasal, frontal, sphenoid, cribriform plate of ethmoid

Floor:
Maxilla and palatine bones

Medial wall: (septum)
Ethmoid (perp. Plate)
Vomer, septal cartilage

Lateral wall:
Three shelves, formed by projections of the sup., middle, and inf. nasal conchae, extend out of each lat. wall
= nasal conchae (actual bones) / turbinates (still covered by resp. epithelium.)
Clean and humidifies air
Meatuses – groovelike passageways
Posterosuperior spheno- ethmoidal recess

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8
Q

Lateral wall of the nasal cavity contains the following openings:

A 
Sphenoethmoidal recess
-	Between sup. Nasal concha and sphenoid
-	Contains opening from sphenoid sinus
Superior meatus
-	Inf. To sup. Nasal concha
-	openings of post. Ethmoidal air cells
Middle meatus
-	Inf. To middle nasal concha
-	Opening for frontal sinus (nasofrontal duct)
-	Middle ethmoidal air cells (ethmoidal bulla)
-	Ant. Ethmoidal air cells
-	Maxillary sinus (hiatus semilunaris)
Inferior meatus
-	Inf. To inf. Nasal concha
-	Opening for nasolacrimal duct (drains tears from Eye)
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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

air-filled extensions of respiratory part of nasal cavity into frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bone and maxilla

Functions:
↑ surface area for cleaning & humidifying air
and lightens weight of skull

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Arterial supply of the nasal cavity:

A

Branches off one another:
1. Internal carotid artery - ophthalmic artery - Ant. And post.
Ethmoidal arteries
2. External carotid artery - Maxillary A - Sphenopalatine artery
3. External carotid artery (External nose from other branches) -
Facial artery - Septal branches

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13
Q

Venous drainage of the nasal cavity:

A

Medial & lat. Walls drain via submucosal venous plexus into sphenopalatine, facial & opthalmic vv.
–> Thermoregulation (altering the temperature of air.)

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14
Q

Nerve supply of nose

A 
Opthalmic n. 
Branch of Trigeminal n – cranial n V1
•	Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nn. from nasociliary n. 
Maxillary n. 
Branch of Trigeminal n – cranial n V2
•	Nasopalatine n. - septum 
•	Greater palatine n. - lateral wall 
Dorsum & apex: Mostly opthalmic n. 
•	Infratrochlear n. 
•	Anterior ethmoidal n. 
Alae: Maxillary n. 
•	Infra-orbital n.
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15
Q

Pharynx

A

• Extends from the skull base to the inferior border of the cricoid
cartilage (at the level of C6), and is continuous with the esophagus
• Ant. to vertebral bodies
•Divided into 3 parts according to the part with which it communicates:
nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Nasopharynx

A

 Posterior to nasal cavities
 superior to soft palate
 Begins behind Choanae

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18
Q

Nasopharynx Contains lymphoid tissue:

A
  • pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in roof & post. Wall
  • tubal tonsils adjacent to opening auditory tube
     Openings of pharyngotympanic tubes (Eustachian) on lat. walls
    - connect the nasopharynx to each tympanic cavity.
    - Equalize pressure middle ear with atmospheric pressure
     Pharyngeal recess
     Respiratory function
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19
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • Part of nasopharynx
    • Opening post. to inf. nasal meatus
    • Posterolat. 1⁄3 is bony  remainder cartilaginous
    • Equalize pressure middle ear with atmospheric pressure
    • Opened by mm.levator veli palatini & tensor veli palatini
    • Salpingopharyngeal fold covers those muscles
    • Tubal tonsils adjacent to openings of tubes
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20
Q
A

Pharyngotympanic tube

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21
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • Posterior to oral cavity
  • Boundaries:
    • Extends from soft palate sup. to sup. border epiglottis
    • Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches laterally
    • Soft palate sup. & base tongue inf.
  • Lymphoid tissue:
    o Palatine tonsils between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches/folds
    o Lingual tonsils on post. third of tongue
  • Digestive function
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22
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • Posterior to the larynx.
  • Ant.C4–C6
  • Extending from the superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.
  • Walls  Constrictor muscles
  • Laryngeal inlet. (entrance)
  • Piriform fossa (recess) – where inhaled objects can get stuck
23
Q

Laryngopharynx is a shared pathway for food and air.

A

Food:
Moves from the oral cavity, through the oropharynx and then into the esophagus
Air:
Nasopharynx/Oropharynx – depends on if you’re mouth breathing or not –> into the larynx
[So overlap]
When a bolus of food is swallowed – pushes epiglottis closed – so it flaps down over the opening of the larynx = food directed into esophagus

24
Q
A
25
Q
A
26
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A
27
Q

Muscles of the pharynx

A

External circular layer consists of:
o sup.,
o middle &
o Inf. constrictor

internal longitudinal layer - 3 muscles:
o Palatopharyngeus
o Stylopharyngeus
o salpingopharyngeus

Internal fascial lining - pharyngobasilar fascia
External fascial covering - buccopharyngeal fascia

28
Q
A

Circular muscles of pharynx
o sup.,
o middle &
o Inf. constrictor

29
Q
A

internal longitudinal layer - 3 muscles:
o Palatopharyngeus
o Stylopharyngeus
o salpingopharyngeus

30
Q

Gaps between muscles of pharynx and what they contain

A
  1. Between superior pharyngeal constrictor and cranium
    • Levator veli palatini
    • Pharyngotympanic tube
    • Ascending palatine a.
  2. Between Superior & middle constrictor
    • Stylopharyngeus
    • Glossopharyngeal n.
    • Stylohyoid ligament
  3. Between Middle and inferior constrictor
    • Internal laryngeal n.
    • Superior laryngeal a. & v.
  4. Inferior to inferior constrictor
    • Recurrent laryngeal n.
    • Inferior laryngeal a
31
Q

Nerve supply of the pharynx

A

The nerve supply of the pharynx (motor and most of sensory) derives from the pharyngeal plexus of nerves. Located on posterolat. aspect of pharynx
• N glossopharyngeus (CN IX)
• N vagus (CN X)
• Sympathetic branches

Motor supply:
all the muscles of the pharynx are supplied by N. vagus (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus, except stylopharyngeus [supplied by N. glossopharyngeus (CN IX)]

Sensory:
mainly fibres of N. glossopharyngeus (CN IX) for mucosa of all
three parts.
Mucosa ant. and sup. nasopharynx additionally from maxillary nerve (CN V2)

32
Q

Blood supply of: Pharynx – upper parts

A 
Branches from: 
a. carotis externa : 
•	ascending pharyngeal a. 
•	lingual a. 
•	facial a. 
•	maxillary a. 
•	sup. thyroid a 
Thyrocervical trunk
•	ascending cervical artery.
33
Q

Blood supply of: Pharynx – lower parts:

A

• Branches inf. thyroid a. (subclavian)

34
Q

Blood supply of: Pharyngeal venous plexus

A

• On post. wall and borders of pharynx
• Drains sup. into pterygoid plexus of veins in infratemporal
fossa, and inf. into internal jugular vein

35
Q

Larynx

A

• Produces sound and acts as valve to close lower respiratory
tract
• Ant. to C4 – C6, between oropharynx and trachea

36
Q

Position & structure of cartilages of larynx

A

• Laryngeal skeleton - 9 cartilages:
3 single:
o thyroid(2 hyaline laminae & laryngeal prominence)
o cricoid(Signet-shaped. Hyaline cartilage inf. to thyroid cartilage)
o epiglottis(Elastic leaf-shaped plate, attached to thyroid
cartilage)
3 paired:
o arytenoid(pyramidal, on cricoid cartilage)
o corniculate(on apex of arytenoid cartilage)
o cuneiform(in ary-epiglottic folds)

37
Q
A
38
Q

Membranes of Larynx

A

Larynx situated inf. To hyoid bone and is attached to it via the:
Thyrohyoid membrane
• On outside of larynx
• Extends from thyroid cartilage up to inner surface of hyoid
bone
• Thickened in center to form median thyrohyoid ligament
• Posterior free edges thickened to form lateral thyrohyoid
ligaments
• Allows internal laryngeal nerve + superior laryngeal artery to
pass through

Quadrangular membrane
• Submucosal sheet of connective tissue
• Between lateral border of epiglottis and arytenoid on each
side
• [2 on each side] Inferior free edge is vestibular lig. (false
vocal chord)
- covered with mucosa = vestibular fold (protective in function)
• [2 on each side] Superior free edge is aryepiglottic lig 
Marks entrance to larynx

Conus elasticus
Extends from upper edge of cricoid up to midline of thyroid cartilage
• Lateral & median cricothyroid ligament
(Cricovocal membrane = lat. part conus elasticus)
• Thickened sup. border is vocal lig., between vocal proc. of
arytenoid to junction of laminae of thyroid cartilage = true
vocal chords

39
Q

Ligaments of Larynx - summary

A

• Hyo-epiglottic – between hyoid and epiglottis
• Median and lateral thyrohyoid – thickenings in thyrohyoid
membrane
• Median and lateral cricothyroid – between cricoid and thyroid
cartilages
• Thyro-epiglottic – attaches stalk epiglottis to inside thyroid
laminae
• Ary-epiglottic – thickening of upper free edge of quadrangular
membrane, covered with mucosa = ary-epigglotic fold
• Vestibular – thickening of lower free edge of quadrangular
membrane
• Vocal – thickening of upper free edge of conus elasticus

40
Q
A
41
Q

Laryngeal ventricle

A

= space between Vestibular fold and vocal fold

  • Superior to it = laryngeal vestibule; supraglottic cavity
  • Inferior to it = infraglottic cavity
42
Q

Vocal folds

A

Contains:
• Vocal lig. – thickened elastic tissue in medial free edge of
conus elasticus
• Vocalis muscle – fine muscle fibres lateral to vocal ligaments
Vocal lig. and thyro- arytenoid muscles covered by mucosa
= vocal folds
= true vocal chords
Control sound production

43
Q
A
44
Q
A

Interior of larynx – laryngeal cavity

45
Q

laryngeal cavity

A

Extends from laryngeal inlet to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
Cavity includes:
 Laryngeal vestibule
 Middle part of cavity
 Laryngeal ventricle
 Infraglottic cavity
Rima vestibuli (opening between vestibular folds)
Rima glottidis (opening between vocal folds) – Shape of rima glottidis varies with resp – E.G: gets bigger during forced expiration

46
Q

Glottis

A

= vocal folds and processes, & rima glottidis

47
Q
A
48
Q

Muscles of larynx

A

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

49
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

> move larynx as whole
- Suprahyoid & stylopharyngeus elevate larynx and hyoid
- Infrahyoid muscles depress larynx and hyoid
Originate from somewhere else (head and neck) and attach onto larynx – Usually onto the hyoid bone

50
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

move parts of larynx on each other
- Concerned with changes in length & tension of vocal folds in production of sound, and changing size of Rima glottidis to facilitate passage of air
- Divided into functional groups
> Adductors & abductors – move the arytenoid cartilages
> Sphincters – close off the glottis completely
> Tensors & relaxers

51
Q
A
52
Q

Blood supply of larynx

A

Arteries:
All come from laryngeal branches of superior and inferior thyroid artery

Veins:
superior and inferior laryngeal veins join thyroid veins

53
Q

Nerve supply of larynx

A

Motor supply:
o All intrinsic muscles of larynx supplied by:
- (Vagus) Recurrent laryngeal nerve
o except cricothyroid muscle
- (Vagus) External laryngeal nerve supplies

Sensory:
o Mucosa above vocal folds
- internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
o Below: recurrent laryngeal nerve

Anatomy 244 - respiratory system (10 decks)

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