The Age Of Industrlisation Flashcards
“Series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India by the early 20th Century.”
Analyse the statement.
[CBSE 2019 (32/1/1)] 5 marks
Ans. Series of changes affected the pattern:
(i) As the Swadeshi Movement gathered, momentum nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign clothes.
(ii) Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interest.
(iii) Pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
(iv) The export of Indian yarn to China declined.
(v) Industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production.
(vi) Cotton piece goods production in India doubled between 1900-1912.
Describe the role of early entrepreneurs of India in the development of industries.
[CBSE 2019.32/4/2] 5 mark
The Indian industrialists/entrepreneurs in 18th and 19th centuries:
(i) Dwarakanath Tagore- He invested in shipping, shipbuilding, mining, banking, plantations and insurance in 1830’s. These were his six joint-stock companies. He traded with China also. But, his business sank along with those others in the wider business crisis of the 1840’s
(ii)Parsis like Dinshaw Petit traded with many countries.
(iii) J. N. Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. (I’ve) Seth Hukumchand and father and grandfather of G.D. Birla traded with China in 18th k 19th centuries.
(v) Other Indian traders also traded.
Any other relevant point
Describe any three major problems faced by Indian cotton weavers in nineteenth century. [CBSE 2018(32/1)]
Introduction Weavers in India faced a new set of problems in 19th century that led to further eroding of it.
(a) The Indian market flooded with cheap, machine-made goods from manchester. It led to decline in domestic market.
(b) Traders in Britain persuaded the govt to impose import duties. This led to decrease in international market.
(c) Trade depression in America led to decrease in cotton.
cotton supply toBritain. so, now it turned to India for raw cotton supplies. As the Supplies of raw cotton boomed prices rose and weavers had to buy cotton at such high pricing.
(d) After that in late nineteenth century, Indian Factories set up and weavers faced stiff competition.
Conclusion: In such unfavourable condition how could they flourish. It suffered a major setback.
OR
Ans. The problems faced by the cotton weavers in India during 19th century are as follows:
(i) A long decline of textile exports from India made them jobless and revenue less. Weaving regions of India narrated sorrowful stories.
(i) The local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. The imports from Manchester were considered superior. They had thus monopolized the market and this further resulted in decrease in their sales.
(iii) Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
(iv) By the 1860s, the weavers began to face a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. Civil War had broken out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off and then Britain had turn to India for raw cotton. As cotton exports from India increased, price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this, situations they suffered heavy losses and problems.
(v) Factories in India began production flooding the market with machine made goods increasing more problems.
Highlight any three benefits of industrialisation on the society. [CBSE, Term 1, 2016 3 mark
Three benefits of Industrialization on the society are as follows:
(i) New railway stations came up and railway lines were extended, tunnels were dug up.
(ii) Building activities were intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment for youth.
(ili) Roads were widened to make transport facility better.
Why was getting jobs in the British mills always difficult for the workers in the 19th century? Give reasons.
[CBSE, Term 1, 2015] 3 mark
It was very difficult to get jobs in the British mills in the 19th century even after the number of mills had multiplied. This can be explained as follows:
(i) Jobs were always less than the demands of it
(Ii) In the 19th century, agricultural sector was suffering loss. So, the unemployed villages started to move into the cities in search of employment.
(iii) Industrialists provide the right to recruit workers to the jobbers. Jobbers were the trusted workers or employees for them. Jobbers recruited their known people to work in industries. So, it was very difficult for the new worker to get job opportunities in British mills.
Why did the industrial production increase in India during the First World War? (2014)
The War had created a new opportunity for the industrial production in India:
The War situation had forced the British mills to produce things that were needed for the army. This had led to the decline of Manchester imports into India. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply to:
As the War prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items.
New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours.
Over the war years, industrial production boomed, local industries consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing home markets.
How did a series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficiency of each step of the production process in cotton textile industry? Explain. (2013)
A series of inventions in the 18th century increased the efficiency in every step of the production process, especially of cotton. The process of producing cotton involved carding, twisting, spinning and milling.
The inventions enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yam.
Richard Arkwright then created the cotton mill. Cloth production was spread all over the countryside and was carried out in village households.
Also now the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over the quality and the regulation of labour, all of which was difficult to do when production was in the countryside.
What problems were faced by the Indian cotton weavers in the 19th century? Describe. (2012)
The Indian cotton weavers faced many problems in the 19th century:
Their export collapsed.
The local market shrank being flooded by the Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the Manchester cotton goods were so cheap that they attracted the buyers and the Indian textiles could not compete with them.
By 1860, Indian weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. This happened because a Civil War had broken out in America and the cotton supplies from the US to Britain were cut off and Britain turned to India. As raw cotton export from India
increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Indian weavers were forced to buy raw cotton at a very high price, so weaving did not remain profitable.
Factories in India also produced goods at a mass scale which flooded the Indian markets. Thus the Indian weavers faced a tough time and it became difficult to survive.
Why did technological changes occur slowly in Britain in early 19th century? Explain any three reasons. (2012)
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain due to the following reasons:
New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. For example, at the beginning of the 19th century, there were only 321 steam engines. There were no buyers of steam engines for years.
The machines often broke down and repair was costly.
The machines were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
Machines were oriented to produce uniform, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes which required human skill, not mechanical technology. At that time the upper classes preferred things produced by hand.
Who were gomasthas? Why were they appointed? How did they treat the weavers? (2012)
The paid servants appointed by the East India Company to supervise weavers are called gomasthas.
The East India Company appointed them to establish a more direct control over the weavers and to eliminate traders and brokers connected with cloth trade.
The gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply, often beating them. In many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas as they often marched into villages with sepoys and peons.
Who were ‘gomasthas?’ How did they become good partners of the British management system? (2014, 2015)
The Gomasthas were paid servants whose job was to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. The aim of the East India Company behind appointing gomasthas was to work out a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk.
Soon there were clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas who began ill-treating the weavers.
It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk from India. For this reason, gomasthas were appointed to supervise, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
They did not allow the company weavers to sell their produce to other buyers. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material. Weavers who had accepted loans from the company had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomasthas only.
Describe the achievements of any three early industrialists in British India. (2013)
Having earned enough from trade, some businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India.
In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade. He turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint stock companies in 1830s and 1840s.
In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India accumulated their initial wealth from exports to China and raw cotton shipments to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman, who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1971, also traded with China.
How did many Indian Entrepreneurs survive despite of tight economic controls imposed by the British Government? (2013)
Many Indians became junior players in the trade with China by providing finance, procuring supplies and shipping consignments.
Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma, Middle East and East Africa and accumulated capital.
Certain other commercial groups operated within India by carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and financing traders.
Explain any three factors responsible for the decline of the cotton textile industry in India in the mid-nineteenth century. (2013)
Or
Describe any three main reasons for the decline of textile exports from India in the 19th century. (2014)
As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began to pressurize the Government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.
At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian market as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century.
The export market for the Indian cotton weavers collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports.
The imported cotton goods were cheap and our weavers could not compete with them.
When the American Civil War broke out the cotton supplies to Britain from the US were cut off. As raw cotton export from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices.
Advertisements played a part in expanding the markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture. Explain. (2014)
Or, Explain the role played by advertisements in creating new consumers for the British products. (2014)
Or
In which ways did the British and the Indian manufacturers and traders advertise their products? (2013)
When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles, to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer.
When buyers saw ‘Made in Manchester’, written in bold on the label, they felt confident to buy the cloth.
But labels did not carry words and texts. They carried images and were beautifully illustrated with images of Indian gods and goddesses. The printed image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land, appear familiar to Indians.
Manufacturers also printed calendars to popularise their products. These calendars were used even by the illiterate. They were hung in tea shops and in the homes of the poor and even in offices and middle class apartments.
When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation, then buy only ‘Indian’ products. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.
