the affluent society 1951-64 Flashcards
L1 - What is first past the post?
Whichever candidate has the most votes in each constituency is the winner. The country is divided into constituencies containing the electorate. Each constituency represents 1 seat, there is 650. The winning politician in that constituency becomes an MP. This system means many of the seats are foregone conclusions because in some places, the electorate always votes in the same way. If no party reaches the 326 seats, there is a coalition government.
Redrawing constituencies
This can affect the outcome of an election. When it favours 1 party, itโs called gerrymandering. It can help one party win a general election. For example, if you divided a conservative area into 2, they would get 2 seats now. When the constituencies change, the number of seats needed to win has changed.
Problems with first past the post
Lots of votes are wasted as the party with the most in that area win the seat, other votes count towards nothing. Most people vote labour or conservative - 2 party system. Gerrymandering changes results.
L2 - What is liberal party?
Believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity for all. Duty of government to protect human rights, protect civil liberties. Role of the government is to guarantee no one is in need.
What is Conservative Party?
Personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional British values, strong national defence. Governments role is to provide people with the freedom to pursue their own goals.
What is Labour Party?
Mixed economy that involves acceptance of public enterprise (nationalism) and socially responsible private enterprise. Need for a morally conscious economy based on principles of service, cooperation and social justice, opposing possessive individualism. Represents working class. Progressive taxation to fund social welfare, support trade unions.
1945 general election results
Labour won with a majority of 146 seats, needed 321 to win and got 393.
Why did Churchill lose the 1945 election?
People wanted to move on from war and he was a war time leader. Labour promised more- NHS, housing etc. people wanted real social change. Conservatives were associated with appeasement. Labour wants to defeat 5 giants. Churchill had tried scaremongering to convince voters.
What was Attleeโs Welfare state?
Implementation of the Beveridge Report which states that it was the governments responsibility to protect people from the cradle to the grave by tackling the 5 giants - want, ignorance, disease, squalor, idleness.
1944 education act
Free secondary education to all pupils. The school leaving age was raised from 14 to 15. Introduced Tripartite System - all children took an 11+ exam to decide which school they went to. Grammar school, technical school, secondary modern school.
1948 national health service act
Before this, healthcare was not free. The NHS act brought the whole population into a scheme of free medical and hospital treatment. The whole system was operated at a local level by health boards.
1948 national insurance act
National insurance became compulsory for all workers except married women. Workers received benefits if there were interruptions of earnings as a result of illness, unemployment or old age. Elderly got a state pension for women at 60 and men at 65. Mothers got a lump sum when a child was born and if they had been paying NI, they got an allowance for 18 weeks.
1948 industrial injuries act
Gave compensation to the workers or their families if they were injured or killed at work, and ensured the family did not fall into poverty.
1948 national assistance act
Set up for those who couldnโt afford to pay into national insurance. Claimants were interviewed to see what help they needed.
1946 new towns act and 1949 housing act
Bevan was responsible for this. An average of 200.000 houses built a year under Labour and 1 million built by 1951. Families had 900 square feet. Pre-fab houses that were quick to build were made to meet demand. But due to rising birth rates after the war, there was still a shortage by 1951.