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Modern Britain AQA > The Affluent Society, 1951-1964 > Flashcards

The Affluent Society, 1951-1964 Flashcards

1
Q

Who won the 1951 election?

A

Conservative Party, led by Churchill

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2
Q

Who was in power before the 1951 election?

A

Labour Party, led by Clement Attlee

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3
Q

Give strengths of Winston Churchill.

A
  • Reputation from wartime leadership
  • International statesman
  • Had able ministers; Eden, Butler, Macmillan
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4
Q

Give weaknesses of Winston Churchill.

A
  • Uninterested in domestic affairs
  • Age and infirmity
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5
Q

When was Anthony Eden made Prime Minister?

A

1955

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6
Q

When did Anthony Eden resign as Prime Minister?

A

1957

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7
Q

Give strengths of Anthony Eden.

A
  • Expert on foreign policy
  • Experienced, acted as Churchill’s deputy
  • Charming and popular
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8
Q

Give weaknesses of Anthony Eden.

A
  • Inexperienced in domestic affairs
  • Weak leader, sometimes indecisive
  • Ill-health
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9
Q

When was Harold Macmillan made Prime Minister?

A

1957

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10
Q

When did Harold Macmillan resign?

A

1963

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11
Q

Give strengths of Harold Macmillan.

A
  • Successful housing minister under Churchill
  • Calm, reassuring presence
  • Good on TV
  • One-nation Conservative (supportive of the post-war consensus)
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12
Q

Give weaknesses of Harold Macmillan.

A
  • Became seen as old-fashioned
  • Suffered from ill-health
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13
Q

Give strengths of R.A.B Butler.

A
  • One-nation Conservative (supporter of the post-war consensus)
  • Experienced, holding a series of high-ranking ministries
  • Responsible for popular policies, e.g. review of capital punishment
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14
Q

Give weaknesses of R.A.B Butler.

A
  • Divisive and unpopular with some colleagues (typically those who were right-wing Tories)
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15
Q

When was Alec Douglas-Home made Prime Minister?

A

1963

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16
Q

When did Alec Douglas-Home resign?

A

1965

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17
Q

Give strengths of Alec Douglas-Home.

A
  • Conciliatory figure in comparison to more divisive figures such as R.Butler
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18
Q

Give weaknesses of Alec Douglas-Home.

A
  • Not elected as leader of Conservative Party
  • A member of the aristocracy (seen as out of touch)
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19
Q

What was the post-war consensus?

A

An agreement between the two major parties, to convey similar policies in order to recover from the Second World War.

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20
Q

What was the post-war consensus also known as?

A

Butskellism, after R.A.B Butler and Hugh Gaitskell (leader of Labour).

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21
Q

Give some ideas behind the Conservative policy in these years.

A
  • Mixed economy
  • Support for the NHS and welfare system
  • Full employment
  • Working in partnership with trade unions and employers.
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22
Q

What was the Conservative policy on housing?

A

House building programme; to clear out the pre-war slums and build 300,000 houses a year by 1853. (Macmillan fulfilled this pledge)

23
Q

What was the Conservative policy on education?

A

Continuation of the tripartite system, set up by the Butler Act of 1944.

24
Q

What social reforms did the Conservatives make?

A
  • Welfare and NHS to be funded
  • Acceptance of government regulation: Clean Air Act 1956, Factory Act 1959
  • Some liberal social reform: Homicide Act 1957, Wolfenden Report 1958
25
Q

What was the Conservatives’ industrial policy?

A
  • Key industries remained nationalised
  • Only iron and steel were denationalised in 1953
  • Conciliatory attitude towards trade unions
26
Q

Why were the Conservative policies of 1951-64 popular with the electorate?

A

They stole much of Labour’s selling point, so the electorate saw no reason to vote for Labour, especially as the Conservatives were so successful.

27
Q

What were some dividing issues in the Labour Party from 1951-64?

A
  • Clause IV
  • Prescription charges
  • Nuclear weapons
28
Q

How was the Labour Party divided over Clause IV?

A

Trade unions were worried Labour would abandon it: the left of the party were wholly supportive of nationalisation, while the right saw nationalisation to be too extreme.
Gaitskell tried to amend it at the Labour Party conference in 1959 but backed down in the face of left-wing opposition.

29
Q

How was the Labour Party divided over prescription charges?

A
  • Left wanted the NHS to be completely free
  • Right saw it necessary to introduce prescription charges due to financial pressures.
30
Q

How was the Labour Party divided over nuclear weapons?

A
  • Left wanted unilateral disarmament
  • Right saw it necessary to keep nuclear weapons in the British empire
31
Q

When did Aneurin Bevan die?

A

1960

32
Q

When did Hugh Gaitskell die?

A

1963

33
Q

When was Harold Wilson elected as leader of the Labour Party?

A

1963

34
Q

Give four reasons as to why the Conservatives lost the 1964 election.

A
  • They looked out of touch
  • Political scandals
  • Labour unity
  • Conservative failures
35
Q

What were the key Conservative failures during their tenure?

A
  • Growing economic concerns: stop-go economics, balance of payments, inflation
  • Rejection of EEC membership application
  • Macmillan’s leadership: Night of the Long Knives, ill-health
36
Q

What were the main Conservative Party scandals?

A
  • Profumo Affair
  • Spy scandals: Blake, Vassell
37
Q

How was Labour unified by the 1964 election?

A
  • Loss of the rivalry between Bevan and Gaitskell
  • Harold Wilson elected as leader
38
Q

How did the Conservatives seem out of touch leading up to the 1964 election?

A
  • Social change: youth culture, immigration, social mobility
  • Douglas-Home as PM
  • Target of satirical newspapers
39
Q

When was Britain’s first atomic bomb test?

A

1952

40
Q

When was steel and transport denationalised?

A

1953

41
Q

When was the end of food rationing?

A

1954

42
Q

When was the Suez Crisis?

A

1956

43
Q

When were the Notting Hill race riots?

A

1958

44
Q

When was Macmillan’s “winds of change speech”?

A

1960

45
Q

When was the Commonwealth Immigrants Act? (restricting immigration)

A

1962

46
Q

When was full employment achieved by?

A

1955

47
Q

What was the increase in industrial production in Britain from 1952 to 1955? (using 1950 = 100 as a baseline?

A

101 in 1952 to 121 in 1955

48
Q

Give some downsides to the economic boom in the 50s.

A
  • Issue with the balance of payments
  • Run on the pound
  • Inflation as demand precedes supply
49
Q

How did the government attempt to combat the out-of-control effects of the economic boom?

A

Stop-go economics

50
Q

What was stop-go economics?

A
  • When the economy slows, interest rates are lowered to encourage growth
  • When the economy speeds up, interest rates are raised and wage increases are controlled, to slow down growth
51
Q

What problems did stop-go economics cause?

A
  • In 1961, the government applied to the International Monetary Fund for a loan, and was forced to introduce a pay pause to try and keep inflation low
  • The NEDC (nation economic development council) was set up in 1961 to plan economic growth
  • Government applied to join the EEC in 1962, but were rejected in 1963, due to abandonment of France in the Suez Crisis etc.
51
Q

What problems did stop-go economics cause?

A
  • In 1961, the government applied to the International Monetary Fund for a loan, and was forced to introduce a pay pause to try and keep inflation low
  • The NEDC (nation economic development council) was set up in 1961 to plan economic growth
  • Government applied to join the EEC in 1962, but were rejected in 1963, due to abandonment of France in the Suez Crisis etc.
  • At the time of the 1964 election, there was a deficit of £800 million
52
Q

What policy did the government follow after the Suez Crisis?

A

Suggestions to limit government spending -cuts to house building, welfare and public services - were rejected by Macmillan and the electorate.

53
Q

How was Macmillan’s rejection of spending cuts successful?

A
  • Sterling recovered against the Dollar
  • Government made big tax cuts in 1959
  • Economy grew at its fastest rate between 1960 and 1964

Modern Britain AQA (2 decks)

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